Introduction to Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures

208 Pages·2014·10.495 MB·English

by  ALEXANDROU, A.;NFA D BECKETT

INTRODUCTION TO
EUROCODE 2
Design of concrete structures
(including seismic actions)
Derrick Beckett
Visiting Fellow in Structural Design, University of Greenwich
and
Andrew Alexandrou
Formerly Principal Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, University of Greenwich
CRC Press
(cfP
Taylor & Francis Group
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First issued in hardback 2017
© 1997 D. Beckett and A. Alexandrou
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ISBN-13: 978-0-4192-0140-3 (pbk)
ISBN-13: 978-1-1384-7030-9 (hbk)
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CONTENTS
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
Notation xi
The European Community (map) xii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The European Community 1
1.2 Technical harmonization and standards 1
1.3 Structural Eurocodes 2
1.4 Eurocode 2 3
1.5 Layout of EC2 3
1.6 Fundamental requirements 4
1.7 Limit states 4
1.8 Actions 4
1.9 Characteristic values of actions 5
1.10 Partial safety factors for ultimate limit state 6
1.11 Serviceability limit states 6
1.12 Material properties 7
1.13 Summary 9
References 9
2 Design for durability 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Environmental conditions 11
2.3 Environmental factors 13
2.4 The C3S/C2S ratio 13
2.5 Carbonation 15
2.6 Cover to reinforcement 15
2.7 Chlorides 18
2.8 Curing 18
2.9 Cement content 19
2.10 Summary 20
References 20
3 Load arrangements and analysis 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Load cases and combinations 21
3.3 Structural models for overall analysis 22
3.4 Calculation methods 22
3.5 Summary 31
References 31
iv CONTENTS
4 Section analysis (1): slabs and beams 33
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 Ultimate limit state - flexure 33
4.3 Ultimate limit state - shear 36
Example 4.1: flexure and shear capacity 38
4.4 Punching shear 40
Example 4.2: punching shear, flat slab 41
4.5 Torsion 43
Example 4.3: flexure, shear and torsion 45
4.6 Summary of EC2 detailing provisions 47
4.7 Beams - design for seismic actions 50
Example 4.4: beam design, ductility levels 50
4.8 Serviceability limit states 58
Example 4.5: steel and concrete stresses 59
Example 4.6: deflection check using table 4.14 of EC2 67
Example 4.7: cracking check using tables 4.11 and 4.12 of EC2 69
Example 4.8: deflection check by calculation 70
Example 4.9: crack width by calculation 73
4.9 Summary 74
References 75
5 Section analysis (2): beam-column joints 77
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Joint behaviour 77
5.3 EC8 beam-column joints, ductility class 4L’ 82
5.4 EC8 beam-column joints, ductility class ‘M’ 82
5.5 EC8 beam-column joints, ductility class ‘H’ 83
Example 5.1: beam-column joint, DC ‘H ’ 83
5.6 Summary 85
References 86
6 Section analysis (3): columns and walls 87
6.1 Reinforced concrete column design 87
6.2 Column design approach 87
6.3 Column slenderness ratio 89
6.4 Column design actions 91
6.5 Design steps 92
Example 6.1: design example 95
6.6 Column design section 96
Example 6.2: rectangular column section, with no sway 102
Example 6.3: rectangular column section, with no sway, longer column 102
Example 6.4: rectangular column section, with sway in one direction 104
6.7 Walls and plates loaded in their own plane 106
6.8 Reinforcement and dimensional limits 108
6.9 EC8 (Draft) additional column design requirements 109
6.10 EC8 (Draft) additional wall design requirements 113
Example 6.5: wall section design example 118
References and Bibliography 122
7 Earthquake engineering 123
7.1 Introduction 123
7.2 Earthquakes 123
7.3 Earthquake dynamic analysis 127
7.4 Earthquake random ground motion 131
7.5 Modal analysis 133
CONTENTS v
7.6 Total inertial response forces on a frame 138
References and Bibliography 140
8 Design example 147
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 Preliminary design: case (i) EC2/NAD 147
8.3 Preliminary design: case (ii) EC8/EC2 155
8.4 Preliminary design - summary 159
8.5 Detailed design 159
References 159
Appendices 161
A Reinforcement areas 161
B Guidelines for preliminary design 163
C Ratios of design bending moments (EC2/BS 8110) 171
D Yield-line analysis - design formulae 175
E The strip method with numerical application 179
F Column design charts 183
G Beam design charts 187
H Typical details for a frame designed for seismic actions 189
Index 193

PREFACE
The Faculty of the Built Environment, University A ‘Concise Eurocode’ for the design of concrete
of Greenwich, is committed to introducing a buildings has been published by the British Cement
European dimension to its undergraduate and post­ Association (BCA) and copies may be obtained
graduate teaching programmes. This includes from the BCA, Century House, Telford Avenue,
language skills, social and economic issues, manage­ Crowthorne, Berkshire RG11 6YS.
ment and construction technology. The structural A disc with all the software listed in the text is
Eurocodes form part of the construction technology available from the authors, who can be contacted
programme, and the purpose of this book is to intro­ through the Faculty of the Built Environment
duce built environment students and graduates to Business Centre.
the application of Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete In the interval between the completion of this text
structures, Part 1: General rules and rules for build­ and its publication, there has been continuous devel­
ings, DD ENV 1992-1-1: 1992 (hereinafter referred opment in the drafting of Eurocodes and the current
to as EC2) to the design of conventional reinforced status (May 1997) for Eurocodes 1 and 2 is as below:
concrete buildings. The contents of the book are
based on material presented at lecture courses and Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures
seminars held in the United Kingdom, Greece and
Cyprus. As six of the European Community member UK draft Euronorm
available due
states have national seismic design regulations, it
was considered appropriate to include material on Part 1: Basis of design Sept 96 Mid 1999
seismic actions and structural response, and thus Part 2-1: Actions on structures
reference is made to Eurocode 8 (Draft) - Design Densities, self-weight
provisions for earthquake resistance of structures. and imposed loads Oct 96 Mid 1999
As the emphasis of the book is on applications, a Part 2-2: Actions on structures
Actions on structures
complete chapter is devoted to the design of
exposed to fire Sept 96 Mid 2000
elements of a multi-storey reinforced concrete
Part 2-3: Actions on structures
framework including seismic actions. In order to
Snow loads Apr 96 Mid 1999
make the book as concise as possible, comprehen­
Part 2-4: Actions on structures
sive appendices includes guidelines for preliminary
Wind actions Nov 96 Mid 1999
design, design charts, data sheets and comparisons Part 2-5: Actions on structures
with BS 8110: 1985. Throughout the text, reference Thermal actions Sept 97
is made to the National Application Document Part 2-6: Actions on structures
(NAD) for use in the United Kingdom with ENV Construction loads and
1992-1-1: 1992. The book will also be of interest to deformations imposed
users of the recently published Seismic Code for during construction Jan 98
Part 2-7: Actions on structures
Reinforced Concrete Structures in Cyprus.
Accidental actions Sept 97
The Structural Eurocodes are in a state of contin­
Part 2-xx:Actions on structures
uous development and reference should be made to
Actions from currents
the latest issue of Euronews Construction, published
and waves Postponed
for the Department of the Environment by Building.
Part 3: Traffic loads on bridges Apr 97 Mid 2000
In the August 1993 issue there is a comprehensive Part 4: Actions in silos and
review of the status of the Structural Eurocodes. tanks Jun 96 2001
Copies may be obtained from DOE, 2 Marsham Part 5: Actions induced by
Street, London SW1P 3EB (Tel: [phone]). cranes and machinery Jan 98
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
UK draft Euronorm
available due
Part 1-1: General rules
General rules and rules
for buildings May 92 Late 2000
Part 1-2: General rules
Structural fire design Jul 96 Mid 2000
Part 1-3: General rules
Precast concrete elements
and structures Sept 96 Mid 1999
Part 1-4: General rules
Structural lightweight
aggregate concrete Sept 96 Mid 1999
Part 1-5: General rules
Unbonded and external
tendons in buildings Sept 96 Mid 1999
Part 1-6: General rules
Plain concrete structures Sept 96 Mid 1999
Part 2: Reinforced and
prestressed concrete
bridges Sept 97
Part 3: Concrete foundations Jan 98
Part 4: Liquid retaining and
containment
structures Jan 98
Part 5: Marine and maritime
structures Postponed
Part 6: Massive structures Postponed
Derrick Beckett and Andrew Alexandrou
June 1997
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book is based on lecture material presented at National Application Document): clause 2.1 - P(l)
the University of Greenwich and elsewhere, and to P(4); table 2.2; table 4.1; table 4.2; clause 2.5.1.2
the authors are indebted to David Wills, Dean - P(l) to P(5); figures 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4; clause 2.5.3.3
of the Faculty of the Built Environment, and Lewis - P(l) to P(6); figures 4.3 and 4.5; clause 3.2.4.2 -
Anderson, Deputy Head, School of Land & Con­ P(2); figure 4.12; figure 4.15; figures 4.18, 4.19 and
struction Management, for giving them the oppor­ 4.20; clauses 4.4.1.1, 4.4.2.1 and 4.4.2.2; tables 4.11,
tunity to write this book during the spring and 4.12, 4.13 and 4.14; clauses 4.4.3.1 and 4.4.3.2; figures
summer of 1993. Thanks are due to Sue Lee for 5.1 and 5.2; table 1 (NAD) and table 5 (NAD)
preparing the diagrams for Chapters 2-5 and 8 and ENV 206: 1990: table 3
Appendices B-E and to Jenny Lynch for assistance BS 8110: 1985: Structural use of concrete, Part I:
with production. tables 3.2 and 3.4
Extracts from British Standards are reproduced
with the kind permission of BSI. The extracts are Complete copies can be obtained by post from
as follows and are also indicated where they occur BSI Sales, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes
in the text. MK14 6LE.
DD ENV 1992-1-1: 1992, Eurocode 2 - Design Special thanks are due to Sally Beckett, who was
of concrete structures, Part 1: General rules and responsible for typing the text and the general coor­
rules for building (together with United Kingdom dination of the book.