Introduction to Electric Circuits

694 Pages·1976·75.398 MB·English

by  Herbert W. Jackson

JW^^HEB

Introduction to Electric Circuits
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Herbert W. Jackson
Director, CollegeAffairs
Ontario Ministry ofColleges
and Universities

/ibrao I \ialogtnginPublicationData
lv. kMA. Hikhiki \\
Introduciion10electriccircuits
Include* index
I Electric circuits 1 Iitle
IK434 i - 621.31V21 I;o<;
Ishn I• *8
Introduction to Electric Circuits
FOURTH EDITION
Herbert W. Jackson
©
1976, 1970, 1965, 1959 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey
All rights reserved. No part ofthis book
may be reproduced in any form
or by any means without permission
in writing from the publisher.
Printed in the United States ofAmerica
9876543
10
PRENTICE-HALI INTERNATIONAL, INC., London
PRENTICE-HALL OF AUS1KM I\. PTY. LIMITED., Sydney
PRENTICI HALI "i < \n\|>\. i id . loronto
PRENTICE-HALI 'H INDIA PRIVAIl LIMITED,Neh Delhi
PRENTICE-HALI ')l IAPAN, INC., Tokyo
PRENTICE-HALI Ol SOUTHEAS1 \si\ PRIVATI LIMITED,Singapore
Preface xii
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
1
1-1 The nature ofelectricity 4
Introduction 1-2 The atom 7
1-3 Combination ofatoms 10
3 1-4 Circuit diagrams 12
1-5 The international system ofunits 14
1-6 Numerical accuracy 15
1-7 Scientific notation 15
1-8 Engineering prefixes 16
1-9 Conversion ofunits 18
£- 2-1 Electric current 23
Current 2-2 The coulomb 26
and voltage 2-3 The ampere 27
2-4 Potential difference 28
23 2-5 Generating an electromotive force 31
2-6 The volt 32
2-7 Electromotive force and voltage drop 33
2-8 Conventional current direction 35
3-1 Insulators 38
Insulators, 3-2 Energy-band diagrams 41
semiconductors, 3-3 Insulatorbreakdown 43
and sources 3-4 Electrolytic conduction 44
of emf
3-5 Conduction in vacuum and gases 46
3-6 Semiconductors 47
3-7 /^//-Junctions 52
3-8 Batteries 53
3-9 Other sources ofemf 59
4
4-1 Ohm's law ofconstant proportionality 65
Resistance 4-2 The nature ofresistance 66
4-3 Factors governing the resistance of metallic conductors 67
64 4-4 Resistivity 68
4-5 Effect oftemperature on resistance 71
4-6 Temperature coefficient of resistance 73
4-7 Linear resistors 75
4-8 Nonlinear resistors 77
4-9 Volt-ampere characteristics 80
4-10 Ohm's law applied 81
5-1 Energy and work 86
Work and power 5-2 Power 88
5-3 Efficiency 90
86 5-4 The kilowatthour 92
5-5 Interrelationship ofbasic electrical units 93
6
6-1 Resistances in series 98
Series 6-2 Polarity ofvoltage drop in a series circuit 100
and parallel 6-3 Kirchhoff's voltage law 102
resistances 6-4 Characteristics of series circuits 103
6-5 Internal resistance 104
98 6-6 Maximum power transfer 106
6-7 Resistances in parallel 109
6-8 Kirchhoff's current law 110
6-9 Conductance ///
6-10 Conductivity 113
6-11 Characteristics ofparallel circuits 113
1
7-1 Series-parallel resistances 119
Series-parallel 7-2 Equivalent circuit method 121
circuits 7-3 Kirchhoff's laws method 124
7-4 Voltage divider principle 126
119 7-5 Voltage dividers 127
7-6 Current divider principle 132
8
8-1 Static electricity 139
Capacitance 8-2 The nature ofan electric field 140
8-3 Electrostatic induction 144
139 8-4-Dielectrics 145
8-5 Capacitance 146
8-6 Factors governing capacitance 151
8-7 Dielectric constant 154
8-8 Capacitors in parallel 155
8-9 Capacitors in series 156
9
9-1 Charging a capacitor 162
Capacitance 9-2 Rate ofchange ofvoltage 164
in dc circuits 9-3 Time constant 167
9-4 Graphical solution for instantaneous potential difference 168
162 9-5 Discharging a capacitor 170
9-6 CR waveshaping circuits 173
9-7 Algebraic solution for instantaneous potential difference 176
9-8 Energy stored by a capacitor 179
9-9 Characteristics ofcapacitive dc circuits 182
10
10-1 Electricity and magnetism 190
Magnetism 10-2 The nature ofa magnetic field 192
10-3 Characteristics ofmagnetic lines offorce 193
190 10-4 Magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor 196
10-5 Magnetic flux 201
10-6 Magnetomotive force 202
10-7 Reluctance 203
10-8 Permeability 203
10-9 Flux density 204
10-10 Magnetic field intensity 205
10-11 Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials 206
10-12 Ferromagnetic materials 208
10-13 Permanent magnets 210
10-14 Magnetization curves 210
10-15 Permeability from the BH curve 272
10-16 Hysteresis 214
10-17 Eddy current 216
10-18 Magnetic shielding 218
11 11-1 Practical magnetic circuits 221
Magnetic 11-2 Long air-core coils 222
circuits 11-3 Simple magnetic circuit 224
11-4 Linear magnetic circuits 225
221 11-5 Nonlinear magnetic circuits 225
11-6 Leakage flux 228
11-7 Series magnetic circuits 229
11-8 Airgaps 232
1-9 Parallel magnetic circuits 234
1-10 Tractive force ofan electromagnet 235
1
J
12 12-1 Electromagnetic induction 240
Inductance 12-2 Faraday's law 242
12-3 enz's law 242
1
240 12-4 Self-induction 245
12-5 Self-inductance 245
12-6 Factors governing inductance 246
12-7 Inductances in series 248
12-8 Inductances in parallel 249
13 13-1 Counter emfand voltage drop 252
Inductance 13-2 Rise ofcurrent in a pure inductance 254
in dc circuits 13-3 Rise ofcurrent in a practical inductor 255
13-4 Time constant 258
252 13-5 Graphical solution for instantaneous current 259
13-6 Algebraic solution for instantaneous current 262
13-7 Energy stored by an inductance 265
13-8 Fall ofcurrent in an inductive circuit 267
13-9 Algebraic solution for instantaneous discharge current 272
13--110 Characteristics ofinductive dc circuits 272
14 14-1 A simple rotating generator 276
Alternating 14-2 The nature ofthe induced emf 277
current 14-3 The sine wave 279
14-4 The peak value ofa sine wave 283
276 14-5 The instantaneous value ofa sine wave 284
14-6 The radian 287
14-7 Instantaneous current in a resistance 288
14-8 Instantaneous power in a resistance 290
14-9 The effective value ofa sine wave 292
14-1 Average voltage and current 294
15 1155--11 The nature ofthe instantaneous current in an inductance 299
Reactance 1155--22 Inductive reactance 301
15-3 Factors governing inductive reactance 302
298 15-4 The nature ofthe instantaneous current in a capacitance 304
15-5 Capacitive reactance 305
5-6 Factors governing capacitive reactance 306
1
15-7 Resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive reactance 307
16 16-1 Addition of sine waves 31
Vector algebra 16-2 Addition of instantaneous values on a linear graph 312
16-3 Representing a sine wave by a phasor diagram 316
311 16-4 Vector addition by geometrical construction 317
16-5 Addition of vectors which are at right angles 319
16-6 Expressing a phasor in rectangular coordinates 321
16-7 Vector addition by rectangular coordinates 325
16-8 Subtraction ofvector quantities 326
16-9 Multiplication and division ofvector quantities 327