Introduction to Digital Mobile Communication

646 Pages·2015·8.185 MB·English

by  Yoshihiko Akaiwa

IntroductIon to dIgItal MobIle
coMMunIcatIon

IntroductIon
to dIgItal MobIle
coMMunIcatIon
Second Edition
YoshIhIko akaIwa
Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Akaiwa, Yoshihiko.
Introduction to digital mobile communication / Yoshihiko Akaiwa. – Second edition.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-119-04110-8 (hardback)
1. Mobile communication systems. 2. Digital communications. I. Title.
TK6570.M6A39 2015
621.3845′6–dc23
2015005234
Cover image courtesy of the Getty Images © Inok.
Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2 2015
Contents
Preface to the second edition xiii
Preface to the First edition xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Digital Mobile Radio Communication System 1
1.2 The Purpose of Digitization of Mobile Radio Communications 5
1.2.1 Data Communication 5
1.2.2 Voice Scrambling 6
1.2.3 Spectrum Efficiency 6
1.2.4 System Cost 7
2 signal and systems 9
2.1 Signal Analysis 9
2.1.1 Delta Function 9
2.1.2 Fourier Analysis 15
2.1.3 Signals 26
2.1.4 Digital Signals 31
2.1.5 Modulated Signals 34
2.1.6 The Equivalent Base‐Band Complex Expression 36
2.2 Noise Analysis 37
2.2.1 Noise in Communication System 37
2.2.2 Statistics of Noise 39
2.2.3 Power Spectral Density of Noise 42
vi CoNTENTS
2.2.4 Autocorrelation Function of Filtered Noise 43
2.2.5 Bandpass Noise 44
2.2.6 Envelope and Phase of a Sinusoidal Signal in
Bandpass Noise 48
2.2.7 Generation of Correlated Noises and its Probability
Density Function 49
2.2.8 Sums of Random Variables and the Central
Limit Theorem 51
2.3 Linear System 55
2.3.1 Linear Time‐Invariant System 55
2.3.2 Response of Linear System 55
2.3.3 System Description with Differential Equations 63
2.3.4 Examples of Linear Systems 66
2.4 Discrete‐time System 75
2.4.1 Sampling and the Sampling Theorem 75
2.4.2 T he Energy, Power, and Correlation of
Discrete-Time Signals 78
2.4.3 The Fourier Transform of Discrete‐Time Signals 79
2.4.4 Response of Discrete‐Time System 85
2.4.5 Description with Difference Equation 92
2.4.6 Digital Filter 94
2.4.7 Downsampling, Upsampling, and Subsampling 98
2.4.8 Inverse Circuit 101
2.4.9 Window Function 101
2.4.10 Discrete Fourier Transform 102
2.4.11 The Fast Fourier Transform 106
2.5 optimization and Adaptive Signal Processing 108
2.5.1 Solution of optimization Problem 108
2.5.2 Adaptive Signal Processing 112
Appendix 2.A lim (sinΩt/πt) = δ (t) 124
Ω→
Appendix 2.B Conditions for a Test Function for the Delta
T
Function, lim g(t)sin tdt 0 125
T,
Appendix 2.C Formulae for the Trigonometric Functions 126
References 126
3 the elements of Digital Communication system 127
3.1 Pulse Shaping 127
3.1.1 Nyquist’s First Criterion 128
3.1.2 Nyquist’s Second Criterion 132
3.1.3 Nyquist’s Third Criterion 134
3.1.4 other Pulse‐Shaping Methods 135
3.2 Line Coding 137
3.2.1 Unipolar (on–off) Code and Polar Codes 137
CoNTENTS vii
3.2.2 Multilevel Codes 137
3.2.3 The Gray Codes 138
3.2.4 Manchester (Split‐Phase) Code 139
3.2.5 Synchronized Frequency Shift Keying Code 141
3.2.6 Correlative Coding 141
3.2.7 Differential Encoding 148
3.3 Signal Detection 149
3.3.1 C/N, S/N, and E/N 149
b 0
3.3.2 Bit Error Rate 150
3.3.3 NRZ Signaling with Integrate‐and‐Dump
Filter Detection 156
3.3.4 Nyquist‐I Signaling System 157
3.3.5 The Matched Filter 157
3.3.6 Joint optimization of the Transmit and
the Receive Filters 162
3.3.7 The optimum Receiver 164
3.3.8 The Maximum‐Likelihood Receiver and
the Viterbi Algorithm 170
3.3.9 The optimum Receiver for Signals without
Intersymbol Interference 174
3.4 Synchronization 175
3.4.1 Symbol Timing Recovery 175
3.4.2 Frame Synchronization 176
3.5 Scrambling 177
3.6 Public Key Cryptosystem 180
3.7 Multiplexing and Multiple Access 182
3.8 The Channel Capacity 183
Appendix 3.A Fermat’s Theorem and the Chinese Remainder
Theorem 185
References 187
4 Mobile Radio Channels 189
4.1 Path Loss 190
4.2 Shadowing 193
4.3 Fast Fading 193
4.3.1 RF Power Spectrum Spread due to Fast Fading 195
4.3.2 Correlations Between the In‐phase and
Quadrature Components 196
4.3.3 Correlation of the Envelope 197
4.3.4 Spatial Correlation of the Envelope 198
4.3.5 Random Frequency Modulation 198
4.4 Delay Spread and Frequency‐Selective Fading 200
4.4.1 Coherence Bandwidth 202
4.4.2 Frequency‐Selective Fading 203
viii CoNTENTS
4.5 The Near–Far Problem 204
4.6 Cochannel Interference 205
4.6.1 Rayleigh Fading 206
4.6.2 Shadowing 206
4.6.3 Combined Fading and Shadowing 207
4.6.4 Discussion 207
4.7 Receive Power Distribution and Radio Channel Design 207
4.7.1 Receive Power Distribution 209
4.7.2 Channel Link Design 210
Appendix 4.A Propagation Loss Formula 214
Appendix 4.B Interference Probability under Shadowing 216
Appendix 4.C Interference Probability under Combined
Fading and Shadowing 217
References 217
5 elements of Digital Modulation 219
5.1 Digitally Modulated Signals 219
5.2 Linear Modulation Versus Constant Envelope Modulation 220
5.3 Digital Modulations 221
5.3.1 Phase Shift Keying 221
5.3.2 Frequency Shift Keying 226
5.3.3 Constant Envelope PSK 228
5.3.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 229
5.4 Power Spectral Density of Digitally Modulated
Signals 229
5.4.1 Linear Modulation 231
5.4.2 Digital FM 231
5.5 Demodulation 233
5.5.1 Coherent Detection 233
5.5.2 Envelope Detection 245
5.5.3 Differential Detection 246
5.5.4 Frequency Discriminator Detection 250
5.5.5 Error Rates in Fading Channels 264
5.6 Computer Simulation of Transmission Systems 270
Appendix 5.A Distortion of Modulated Signal Applied
to a Nonlinear Circuit 275
Appendix 5.B Derivation of the Expected Gaussian Noise
Power for Frequency Discriminator 276
Appendix 5.C M–Sequence Generator 277
References 278
6 Digital Modulation/Demodulation for Mobile
Radio Communication 281
6.1 Digital Modulation for Analog FM Mobile Radio Systems 282