Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective

542 Pages·2010·4.692 MB·English

by  Nystul, Michael S

Introduction to Counseling
A A S P
N RT AND CIENCE ERSPECTIVE
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Fou r t h E d i t i o n
Introduction to Counseling
A A S P
N RT AND CIENCE ERSPECTIVE
Michael S. Nystul
New Mexico State University
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Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nystul,Michael S.
Introduction to counseling:an art and science perspective / Michael S.Nystul.—4th ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13:978-0-13-701610-5
ISBN-10:0-13-701610-7
1. Counseling. 2. Psychotherapy. I. Title.
BF636.6.N97 2011
158’.3—dc22
2009051996
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-13-701610-7
ISBN 13:978-0-13-701610-5
This book is dedicated to my beautiful wife, Laura,
whose loving smile, creativity, and Apache
spirit inspires me to reach for the stars
and beyond.
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CONTENTS
Part 1 An Overview of Counseling and the Counseling
Process 1
Chapter 1 An Overview of Counseling 2
Welcome to the Field of Counseling 2
What Is Counseling? 3
The Art and Science of Counseling and
Psychotherapy 3
Counseling as Storytelling 5
Counseling and Psychotherapy 6
Differentiating Formal from Informal Helping 8
Personal Qualities of Effective Helpers 9
The Helping Profession 12
Counseling: Past, Present, and Future 12
Counseling from a Historical Perspective 12
Present Trends 15
Summary 21 • Personal Exploration 21
• MyHelpingLab 21 • Web Sites 22
Chapter 2 Professional Preparation and Ethical
and Legal Issues 23
Becoming a Professional Counselor 23
Formal Study and Professional Affiliation 24
Certification and Licensure 24
Continuing Education 27
Professional Involvement 28
Ethical-Legal Issues 28
The Art and Science of Ethical-Legal Issues 28
Ethical Issues 29
Legal Issues 33
Special Ethical and Legal Issues 36
Ethical Issues Relating to Online Counseling 41
Ethical-Legal Decision Making 42
vii
viii Contents
Clinical Examples 44
Diversity Issues 46
Summary 47 • Personal Exploration 47
• MyHelpingLab 48 • Web Sites 48
Chapter 3 The Counseling Process 49
The Art and Science of the Counseling Process 49
The Six Stages of the Counseling Process 50
Stage One: Relationship Building 50
Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis 56
Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals 57
Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving 58
Stage Five: Termination and Follow-Up 61
Stage Six: Research and Evaluation 61
Listening Skills 62
Primary Listening Skills 62
Secondary Listening Skills 63
Counseling Vignette 65
Effective Listening “Don’ts” 66
Effective Listening “Do’s” 67
A Final Thought Regarding Listening Skills 67
Recent Trends in the Counseling Process 67
Emotions 68
Postmodern Trends 69
Brief-Counseling Approaches 72
Brief-Solution-Focused Counseling 73
Common Problems for Beginning Counselors 75
Focusing on the First Issue in a Session 76
Overlooking Physical or Medical Issues 76
Wanting to Rescue Clients from Their Unhappiness 76
Having Perfectionist Tendencies 76
Having Unrealistic Expectations 77
Getting Carried Away with the Latest Technique 77
Getting Lost in the Counseling Process 78
Using Inappropriate Phrases 78
Having an Excessive Desire to Help 78
Having an Excessive Need to Be Liked 79
Getting Too Emotionally Involved 79
Contents ix
Taking Things Too Personally 79
Having Difficulty Differentiating Between Normal and
Abnormal 79
Being Uncertain About Self-Disclosure 80
Being Uncertain About Confidentiality 80
Diversity Issues 80
Summary 81 • Personal Exploration 82
• MyHelpingLab 82 • Web Sites 82
Chapter 4 Assessment and Diagnosis 83
The Art and Science of Assessment and Diagnosis 83
Assessment and Diagnosis 84
Assessment 84
Evaluation of Tests 84
Administration and Interpretation of Tests 86
Test Bias 87
Types of Tests 89
Diagnosis 94
Historical Perspective 94
The DSM-IV-TR 95
The Clinical Interview 99
Treatment Planning 101
Diversity and Postmodern Issues in Assessment
and Diagnosis 104
Summary 106 • Personal Exploration 106
• MyHelpingLab 107 • Web Sites 107
Chapter 5 Counseling Research and Evaluation 108
The Art and Science of Research and Evaluation 108
The Purpose of Research and Evaluation 109
Theory, Research, and Practice 109
Research, Evaluation, and Counselor Accountability 110
The Contribution of Research to the Counseling Field 111
Overview of the Types of Research 112
Types of Research Methodologies 112
Shortcomings of Traditional Counseling Research 114
Qualitative Research Methodologies 115
Evaluation of Qualitative Methodologies 119
Single-Subject Designs 119