Introduction to Communication Electronic Warfare Systems

662 Pages·2008·23.72 MB·English

by  Richard Poisel

IIICMUI I . PlISH
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Introduction to Communication
Electronic Warfare Systems
Second Editon
Richard A. Poise}
ARTEeH
HOU8E
I
BOSTON LONDON
artechhouse.com
Library of Congress CataJoging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-59693-452-8
Cover design by Igor Valdman
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Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Preface to the First Edition xix
Chapter 1 Communication Electronic Warfare Systems 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Information Warfare 1
1.3 Electronic Warfare 3
1.3.1 Electronic Support 3
1.3.2 Electronic Attack 5
1.3.3 Electronic Protect 5
1.4 Electronic Support 6
1.4.1 Low Probability of Detection!Interception!
Exploitation 8
1.4.2 Future Communication Environments 9
1.4.3 Electronic Support Summary 9
1.5 Electronic Attack 10
1.5.1 Electronic Attack Summary 11
1.6 Introduction Summary 11
1.7 Typical EW System Configuration 13
1.7.1 System Control 13
1.7.2 Antennas IS
1.7.3 Signal Distribution IS
1.7.4 Search Receiver IS
1.7.5 Set-On Receivers 16
1.7.6 Signal Processing 16
1.7.7 Direction-Finding Signal Processing 16
1. 7.8 Exciter 17
1.7.9 Power Amplifier 17
1. 7.1 0 Filters 17
1.7.11 Communications 18
1.8 Concluding Remarks 18
References 19
vii
viii Introduction to Communication Electronic Warfare Systems
Chapter 2 Electronic Support 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Intercept 21
2.2.1 Internals Versus Externals 22
2.2.2 Propagation Loss 22
2.3 Geolocation 23
2.4 Triangulation with Multiple Bearings 24
2.5 Deployment Considerations 28
2.6 Electronic Mapping 29
2.7 Common Operational Picture 29
2.8 Operational Integration with Other Disciplines 30
2.9 Support to Targeting 31
2.10 Concluding Remarks 31
References 31
Chapter 3 Electronic Attack 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Communication Jamming 33
3.3 Jammer Deployment 37
3.4 Look-Through 38
3.5 Analog Communications 39
3.6 Digital Communications 40
3.7 NarrowbandlPartial-Band Jamming 41
3.8 Barrage Jamming 43
3.9 Follower Jammer 46
3.10 Jamming LPI Targets 46
3.11 Concluding Remarks 47
References 48
Part I - Basics
51
Chapter 4 Electromagnetic Signal Propagation 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Signal Propagation 54
4.3 Radio Frequency Band Designations 55
4.4 Polarization 56
4.5 Power Derisity 57
4.6
Free-Space Propagation 59
4.7 Ground Wave 62
4.7.1 Direct Wave 62
4.7.2 Surface Wave 69
4.8 Wave Diffraction 70
Contents ix
4.9 Reflected Waves 72
4.10 Ducting 77
4.11 Meteor Burst 78
4.12 Scattering 78
4.13 Signal Fading 79
4.13.1 Signal Model 80
4.13.2 Types of Fading 81
4.13.3 PDF of Amplitude, Phase, and Power for Rayleigh
Fading 83
4.13.4 PDF of Amplitude and Phase for Ricean Fading 86
4.13.5 PDF of Amplitude, Phase, and Power for
Nakagami-m Fading 90
4.14 Characteristics of the Mobile VHF Channel 94
4.15 Propagation via the Ionosphere 97
4.15.1 Refraction 97
4.15.2 Ionospheric Layers 98
4.15.3 Near Vertical Incidence Skywave 101
4.15.4 HF Fading 101
4.15.5 Maximum Usable Frequency and Lowest Usable
Frequency 102
4.15.6 Automatic Link Establishment 102
4.16 Concluding Remarks 104
References 105
Chapter 5 Radio Frequency Noise and Interference 107
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Sources of External Radio Noise 108
5.2.1 Man-Made Noise 111
5.2.2 External Noise Summary 117
5.3 Internal Noise in EW Systems 117
5.3.1 Introduction 117
5.3.2 Broadband Noise Sources 118
5.3.3 Low-Frequency Noise 122
5.3.4 Generation-Recombination Noise 124
5.3.5 Phase Noise 126
5.4 Noise in Digital Signal Processing 127
5.4.1 ADC Quantization Noise 128
5.4.2 Data Converter Clock Jitter Noise 129
5.4.3 Sampling and Timing 132
5.5 Electromagnetic Interference 134
5.5.1 Sources of EMI 135
5.5.2 Coupling Paths 138
5.5.3 Remarks 142
Introduction to Communication Electronic Warfare Systems
x
5.6 Noise in Amplifiers 142
5.6.1 Amplifier Noise Model 143
5.6.2 Noise Bandwidth Versus Signal Bandwidth 146
5.6.3 Noise Bandwidth and Low-Frequency
(I if) Noise 147
5.6.4 Noise Factor and Noise Figure 148
5.6.5 Equivalent Noise Temperature 156
5.7 Other Noise Considerations 156
5.7.1 Correlated Noise 156
5.7.2 Partition Noise 157
5.8 Concluding Remarks 158
References 158
Chapter 6 Radio Communication Technologies 161
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 Modulation 163
6.2.1 Analog Modulations 165
6.2.2 Digital Modulations 173
6.3 Spread Spectrum 191
6.3.1 DSSS 192
6.3.2 FHSS 200
6.4 Access Methods 204
6.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 205
6.4.2 Time Division Multiple Access 205
6.4.3 Carrier-Sensed Multiple Access 207
6.4.4 Demand Assignment Multiple Access 207
6.4.5 Code Division Multiple Access 208
6.5 Duplexing 208
6.5.1 Time Division Duplexing 208
6.5.2 Frequency Division Duplexing 209
6.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 209
6.7 Coding Communication Signals 211
6.7.1 Source Coding for Data Compression 212
6.7.2 Channel Coding for Error Control 216
6.8 Modems 236
6.9 Facsimile 240
6.10 Communication Security 241
6.10.1 Data Encryption 241
6.10.2 Public Key Encryption 242
6.10.3 Digital Signatures 242
6.10.4 Data Encryption Standard 244
6.10.5 Pretty Good Privacy 246
6.10.6 Fortezza Encryption System 247