Introduction to applied photogrammetry and cartography for civil engineering

139 Pages·2017·11.66 MB·English

by  Elia Quirós Rosado

ELIA QUIRÓS ROSADO
Introduction to Applied
Photogrammetry and Cartography
for Civil Engineering
INDEX X
Introduction to Applied Photogrammetry
and Cartography for Civil Engineering
INDEX
Elia Quirós Rosado
Introduction to Applied Photogrammetry
and Cartography for Civil Engineering
Cáceres 2018
© Elia Quirós Rosado
© De la traducción: Julia García Quirós y Elia Quirós Rosado
© Universidad de Extremadura para esta 1ª edición
Edita:
Universidad de Extremadura. Servicio de Publicaciones
C/ Caldereros, 2 - Planta 3ª. 10071 Cáceres (España)
Tel. [phone] ; Fax [phone]
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I.S.B.N. de méritos: 978-84-09-00910-7.
Maquetación: Control P. 927 233 223. [e-mail].
GENERAL INDEX
PROLOGUE ..................................................................................................9
THE CONCEPTS OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY
Chapter 1: GEODESY ...................................................................................11
1. The concept of Geodesy ............................................................11
2. Branches of Geodesy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
3. Divisions of Geodesy ................................................................13
4. Objetives of Geodesy ................................................................13
5. Physical Geodesy ......................................................................16
6. Mathematical Geodesy .............................................................17
7. Relation between the Geoid and the Ellipsoid .............................20
Chapter 2: REFERENCE SYSTEMS .............................................................23
1. Reference Systems ....................................................................23
2. Frames of Reference ..................................................................24
3. Terrestrial Reference Systems ....................................................25
3.1. European Datum 1950 (ED50) reference system .........................25
3.2. European Terrestrial System (ETRS89) .....................................27
3.3. World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) ....................................28
4. Transformation between Reference Systems .................................29
4.1. Transformation WGS84-ED50 ................................................30
4.2. ED50-ETRS89 transformation ................................................32
a. Transformation of Isolated Points ............................................33
b. Transformation of Vectorial Cartography ..................................33
c. Transformation of Orthophotographs ........................................35
Chapter 3: CARTOGRAPHICAL PROJECTIONS. UTM ..............................36
1. Cartographical projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
2. Types of Projection ...................................................................36
3. UTM projection ......................................................................38
3.1. Advantages of the UTM projection ........................................39
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INDEX
Elia Quirós Rosado Introduction to Applied Photogrammetry and Cartography for Civil Engineering
3.2. UTM zones ........................................................................40
3.3. UTM coordinates ................................................................41
3.4. Overlapping grids ...............................................................42
3.5. D uplication of coordinates between the extremes of two consecutive
UTM zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
APPLIED DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOGRAMMETRY.
STEREOSCOPIC VIEW. .............................................................46
1. Photogrammetry ......................................................................46
2. Fundamental elements of Photogrammetry ................................47
3. Basic principle of Photogrammetry ............................................49
4. Stereoscopic view. Parallax .........................................................50
4.1. Procedures for artificial stereoscopic view ...................................51
4.2. Stereoscopic parallax .............................................................53
5. Classification of Photogrammetry ..............................................55
6. Advantages and disadvantages of Photogrammetry in relation to
Classical Surveying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
7. Photogrammetry applications for Civil Engineering ....................57
Chapter 2: DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC IMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
1. Background .............................................................................58
2. Digital image ...........................................................................58
2.1. Characteristics of digital images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
a. Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
b. Dimension .......................................................................60
c. Colour depth ....................................................................60
2.2. File size ..............................................................................61
3. Image compression ..................................................................61
3.1. Discrete cosine transformation (DCT) .......................................63
3.2. Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW) ......................................................64
3.3. Discrete Walavet transformation (DWT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
4. Pyramid of images ....................................................................65
5. Graphic formats of digital photogrammetric images. ...................66
6. Digital treatment of images .....................................................66
6.1. Histogram of an image ..........................................................67
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INDEX
Elia Quirós Rosado Introduction to Applied Photogrammetry and Cartography for Civil Engineering
6.2. Image enhancement techniques ................................................68
6.3. Filters ................................................................................69
a. Smoothing and low pass filters ...............................................69
b. Enhancing and high pass filters ..............................................69
6.4. Types of enhancements allowed in photogrammetry ......................70
Chapter 3: PHOTOGRAMMETRIC CAMERAS ...........................................72
1. Introduction ............................................................................72
2. Photogrammetric analogical cameras ..........................................72
2.1. Components of analogical cameras ...........................................72
3. Digital cameras ........................................................................75
3.1. Linear cameras ....................................................................75
3.1. Matrix cameras ...................................................................77
4. Comparison between both cameras ...........................................78
Chapter 4: PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
1. Background .............................................................................80
2. Introduction ............................................................................80
3. Digital photogrammetric process ...............................................80
3.1. Interior orientation ..............................................................81
a. Interior orientation with analogical cameras .............................84
b. Interior orientation with digital cameras .................................86
3.2. Relative orientation .............................................................87
3.3. Absolute orientation .............................................................90
a. Ground control points ........................................................90
3.4. Exterior orientation (relative and absolute in one step) ..................93
3.5. Aerotriangulation ................................................................94
a. Distribution and number of ground control points ......................95
4. Allowable errors in the digital photogrammetric process ...............96
5. Position quality control of the digital photogrammetric process .....98
6. Photogrammetric restitution ......................................................99
Chapter 5: PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PRODUCTS ......................................101
1. Introduction ..........................................................................101
2. Vector maps obtained from restitution ......................................101
2.1. Restitution’s quality ...........................................................103
3. Digital elevation models ..........................................................104
3.1. DEM data structure ............................................................105
3.2. DEM generation methods ....................................................106
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INDEX
Elia Quirós Rosado Introduction to Applied Photogrammetry and Cartography for Civil Engineering
4. Orthophotographs .................................................................110
4.1. Image rectification .............................................................110
4.2. Orthoprojection ................................................................110
5. Types of orthophotographs ......................................................112
6. Orthophotographs mosaic .......................................................115
7. Orthophotographs quality .......................................................117
Chapter 6: FLIGHT PROJECT. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. ............119
1. Introduction ..........................................................................119
2. Photogrammetric technical specifications ..................................119
2.1. General Conditions .............................................................119
2.2. Flight conditions ................................................................120
2.3. Ground control surveying conditions .....................................121
2.4. Restitution and cartography conditions ...................................121
2.5. DEM and orthophotographs conditions .................................122
3. Flight planning ......................................................................123
3.1. Initial data ......................................................................124
3.2. Flight characteristics’ calculation ...........................................124
Chapter 7: FUTURE OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY; LIDAR AND SPACE
PHOTOGRAMMETRY ............................................................129
1. LiDAR ..................................................................................129
1.1. Advantages and disadvantages of LiDAR .................................131
1.2. Technological applications of LiDAR .....................................132
2. Space photogrammetry ...........................................................134
2.1. Types of Stereoscopic geometry .............................................134
Stereoscopic satellites ................................................................136
BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................137
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INDEX
PROLOGUE
Civil engineers, throughout their careers, should handle cartographical information,
which is mainly obtained by photogrammetry techniques. This work aims at practically
introducing the digital aerial photogrammetry technique, with the purpose of sharing
the methods used to obtain cartography to plan their work.
Mathematical formulation is not under the scope of this work, since, in my view, it
has little to contribute to civil engineers and there exist very complex treaties aimed at
more specialised readers in the field.
This short text begins by outlining some basic cartography concepts, focusing
on reference systems, which are changing nowadays and should be known by civil
engineers before working with cartographical data.
The text’s fundamental part focuses on digital photogrammetry, and by emphasising
once again on its simplicity, it aims at explaining, from my professional experience, all
the work process from the moment when a photogrammetric flight is requested until
digital cartography arrives into the hands of engineers to work on it, with its accuracies
and precisions.
Therefore, this work is intended to provide help to civil engineering professionals when
valuating and handling cartographical data which, to a greater or lesser degree, would
be the basis for their work.
Elia Quirós Rosado
9
INDEX
THE CONCEPTS OF
GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY
INDEX