Introducing philosophy : a text with integrated readings

676 Pages·2012·54.473 MB·English

by  Robert C. Solomon

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INCFOAUCING
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Tenth Edition
Robert C. Solomon
University of Texas at Austin
Kathleen M. Higgins
University of Texas at Austin
Clancy Martin
University of Missouri-Kansas City
New York Oxford
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Solomon, Robert C.
Introducing philosophy : a text with integrated readings / Robert C. Solomon, Kathleen M. Higgins,
Clancy Martin. — 10th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-19-976486-0 (alk. paper)
1. Philosophy—Introductions. I. Higgins, Kathleen Marie. I. Martin, Clancy W. III. Title.
BD21.S629 2012
100—dc23 2011031839
ISBN 978-0-19-976486-0
De 7 ©
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
For our parents
Vita P. Solomon (1916-2005) and Charles M. Solomon (1914-1986)
Kathryn A. Higgins (1925-2003) and Eugene A. Higgins
Anna Victoria Moody and John William Martin (1941-1997)
Digitized by the Internet Archive
In 2022 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation
httos://archive.org/details/introducingphilo0000solo_u0u7
ContenItn Bsri el
Philosopher Biographies xv
Preface xvii
History of Philosophy xxiii
INTRODUCTION 1
Part One |T he World and Beyond 41
1| RELIGION 43
2|REALITY 105
3|KNOWLEDGE 181
Part Two | Know Thyself 283
4|SELF 285
5|MIND AND BODY 332
6| FREEDOM 381
Part Three |T he Good andthe Right 445
7|ETHICS 447
8| JUSTICE 543
Glossary 599
Index 621
7 folate. Peatue ad —a : |
-
ed
CORMENTS
Philosopher Biographies xv
Preface xvii
History of Philosophy xxiii
INTRODUCTION 1
A. Socrates 1
Aristophanes, from The Clouds 2
Plato, fromthe Apology 2
Plato, from the Crito 4
Plato, fromthe Phaedo 8
Plato, from the Republic 10
B. What Is Philosophy? 10
Plato, fromthe Apology 13
Karl Jaspers, from “The ‘Axial Period’'” 14
Laozi, from Dao De Jing 15
C. A Modern Approach to Philosophy 16
René Descartes, from Discourse on Method 21
D. A Brief Introduction to Logic 23
Key Terms 40
Bibliography and Further Reading 40
Part One |T he World and Beyond 41
CHAPTER1|RELIGION 43
A. What Is Religion? 43
John Wisdom, from “Gods” 44
Albert Einstein, On the Design of the Universe 46
Keiji Nishitani, from “What Is Religion?” 47
B. The Western Religions 49
C. Proving God: The Ontological Argument 52
St. Anselm, On the Ontological Argument 52
René Descartes, On the Ontological Argument 55
Immanuel Kant, Against the Ontological Argument 58
Vill | CONTENTS
D. God as Creator: Intelligence and Design 60
St. Thomas Aquinas, On the Cosmological Argument 60
William Paley, “The Watch and the Watchmaker" 63
St. Thomas Aquinas, On the “Fifth Way” 66
David Hume, from Dialogues on Natural Religion 67
E. Religion, Morality, and Evil 69
Immanuel Kant, On God and Morality 70
William James, from “The Will to Believe” 72
St. Augustine, from Confessions 76
From the Bhagavadgita 83
F. Beyond Reason: Faith and Irrationality 85
Mohammad al-Ghazali, from The Deliverance from Error 87
Sgren Kierkegaard, On Subjective Truth 89
Paul Tillich, On the Ultimate Concern 92
G. Doubts about Religion 94
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, from The Brothers Karamazov 95
Karl Marx, from Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right 98
Friedrich Nietzsche, from Beyond Good and Evil 99
Friedrich Nietzsche, from The Antichrist 99
Friedrich Nietzsche, from The Gay Science 100
Sigmund Freud, from The Future of an Illusion 101
Summary and Conclusion 102
Chapter Review Questions 103
Key Terms 103
Bibliography and Further Reading 104
CHAPTER 2| REALITY 105
A. “The Way the World Really Is” 105
Aristotle, from Metaphysics 106
B. The First Greek Philosophers 107
Parmenides, from Fragments 115
C. Ultimate Reality in the East: India, Persia, and China 117
From Upanishads 118
From Zend-Avesta 120
From the Confucian Analects 122
Laozi, from Dao De Jing 123
Buddha, from "Fire-Sermon" 125
D. Two Kinds of Metaphysics: Plate and Aristotle 126
Plato, from the Symposium 128
Plato, from the Republic 129
Plato, from the Meno 133
Aristotle, from Metaphysics 140
Aristotle, from Physics 141
Aristotle, from Metaphysics 145
E. Modern Metaphysics 147
René Descartes, On Substance 149