Introducere in psihologie

1118 Pages·2012·20.005 MB·Romanian

by  Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (ed.)

RitLa .A tkinson RicharCd. A tkinson
UniverosfCi atlyi foSrnainDa i,e go
EdwardE .S mith DaryJl. B ern
UniverosfMi itcyh igan CornelUln iversity
ColaborSautsoarnN: o len-Hoeksema
StanfUonridv ersity
Introducere
IA n
psihologie
Editiaa X I-a
Tradudcielnri em ebnag lezii:
LeonadPr .B iiicneua
GinHai e
LoerdanGaav rilitii
.
I", ..,E TDIETHUA,NR. ICA
Buceu�rt2i00,2
Coordoncaorleeac Ptsiiehio logie:
Proufn.i dvr.C. o nstaPniituinne scu
Prof.u nivd.r .S troMea rcus
Psilhoogeixae r0c ainHuim fisaHcii n�agite inee r0 peuztae mmioctai vaa tie
cunoa�dtieemnsriiiulr nop iersonaulmiatndaeat,ari cc ie sluacl o ntilan cuetsutui
domeensiltuie m iitnattrui,cno afnnta tpisail hoogriacmaa innce e maa mia rpea rltae
unn ilvd eer ealdiezs atrrseip cietacatal tie.
CoelctPisai hioeli o�pgir opusnace r ee0z iem agine generala asupra
comportlaumuiemn a�tn0iu s timuail natreer peesnudtloruemuin ipuislho ogli.e i
Prainp orstauuli ndofenn atliae c zoim,p l�emitu lat idinasrccaio,pl ledicet ia
ftaaa,cc seilboair icpaerresioc aanree dsoair �esi�t treu ctcuultruergzaee n ervaal a,
conbturliiua n e veindstp ocro gndiat�riil v ac, u n�otaedrees ai nleca,a raes pciur a
indrepotiracitenei tlrcteeul a.
Aua parut:
PSIOHLOIGEC OMPARAAT -TonMya ilm, BArincnhS h,e Hialywaa rd
•
• PROCESCEO GNITIVE T-onMya lim
• PERSEPCTIVE iN PSIOHLOIGE- AlisWoand eleyB,ic rhAT,no nnM ya lim
• BIOSPIOHLOIGE- SheliHaa yward
• DIFERENTIENT ERINDDIUVAIEL A-nnB ricTho,n Mya lim
• PSIOHLOIGAD EZVOALRTI-IA nnB rich
inc urand:
• PSIHOLOGSIOEC IAAL -TonMya lim
• METODED EC ERCETARES IS TATISTIAC -TonMya liAmn,n B irch
• DICTIONADRE P SIHOLOG-ILEe onaBriidi ceanu
Ediioatr niagHii:
IntroudcitotnoP SYCOHLOGY
EleveEndtiht ion
RitaA tLkn.is oRni,c haC.rA dti knsoEdnw,a rEd.S mitDha,yr lJ. B ern
WitthhA es stiasnocfSeu sNaonl en-Hoeksema
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eoordoneadtiotroA rdiniaalI onescu
eoordontaethonFril eo rGieanl apu
boodke silgany,o purte,- prCeastisan lMaa gureanu
RoxnaaR o�u
MargarCehtliaim
AndereRaa dut
eopeerotlae eAtnidereiiM anescu
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ISBN9 73-31-1398-0
Multumiri
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Colegiul Davidson UniversitaKtienag sQtuoene n,
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LindEan loe KenneKtoht ovsky
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G.W illiFaamr thing KeviMn. M cConkey
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LancSeh otland AlexandMr.iW ae ida
StaPteunin Universitatea Lowell
StevSelno man FreWdh itford
Universitatea BrowUnn iversSittalatutMuieo an tana
AnnaS mith FranRk. W illiams
UniversSittaattTuerlaou yi ColegKiiullg ore
EliRo.tS mith EugenWei nograd
UniversPiutradtueea UniversEimtoaryt ea
MichaDe.lS piegler LarrAy.W ise
ColegPiruolve indce ColegMitHu.o lo Cdo mmunity
Pre/alii
o datcau p ubilcarceeal deei- ai ndelunagdaitcdauap, ae xmainarea
unsprezecieiaI, n terdodiutIc ne rfien laaa,c esfitiadn critecrairaue l
psiholosgaireo braet�cteea d e-ao rieonbtiaetc taiuvtieollrpoerr ze ne­
patraan iv.�i"'nsa anriie c.a raeu tecia rfi.
urmaptr imseaeil ediiitc, e aa liu Primolbilelc lt'iivez satatec edlea
ErneRs.Ht i lgadridn19 53a,c easat aof reia stfeli magigneen erala
0
cartdee venitd ineut cnreal mea i
a asupcroapm oarmtentuumlauJniid e
utzialtied ini storpiuabi lca{iilor
a stimiunltae rpeestnuur dlo meinul
pentcroul egmiutuli;d intsrteu denti
psiholdoogmieenciia,ur e Ienas etee­
auc itiptr-eof,e rand-o altor intro­
la�tiim epxt redmev as�tie xtrdeem
duceIrnpi s ilhoogi�eim, ul tid intre
ambtiioIsnfl.u entlaati anf tateare u
ceic arpeu bliicnpa r zeetn studii
�tiinntateulreda ecl aet brielo og�iie
psiholaougf iocleod sriettpc ardtee
lai nftateare u� tiinstoeceli eda el
cpaatdpir imaed itai ea cestui
catsroec lioog�iiae n t rolpoog pisei,­
maunalM.an uaulld ef ataa f os,td e
hologaiab odreazap roblematica
asemetnreaad,Iu nns u emroalsiem bi:
eomplae xnaa tuurminaie, e onisd e­
rusas,pa niolfara,nc ezac,h ineza,
rataant eriaoparn ajeuxcll usailv
gemran�api o rtugheza.
literJafiitl uorfisieoiiM .a ip resdues
Noic onesriadmc a succesul
oricaec,e asltuac rairnecr ecaas a
acesctaeraitf ois td eteiranmtd ec on­
redfeaa nnepcsuilh olcoadg emieesri
tiunap recopuarep entprrue zentarea
umainsptr,ie nxc eleintnteal ectual.
cuc dmta miu tlac lari�tiaa ctutere ate
ac ocnpetel�oiacr o tnribumtetiiol­oUrn a ld oiloebai eecsttaiecv e dlea
dologice, eivnisstaca hnedmua-mtsoieed­ ladreef ,o m1aau rneie c ategorii
zaresaa u eprirnettadreinlaet urdaect iet ictaorsreaid evi"nianl tiegenta
alceo ncepdtiefilcoAircl ees.tfi eian dc onusmaotaer"d el iterpastiuhroal o­
obiectinvoaesrlteea, m p rfeerasta gicFai.e cadrien tre nzoiil niecs te
przeentmaamid e rgablau crianrtiea ­saltatd ecdlea r�aita ifirim atii
gradtees prae nmuittae m�ai n u rerfieteo laarc ompomrenttauulm an
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fragmentes aut eocrairise afi em e- Jit ocmai dceo naescrieadecmaa 0
moirzaitnve e deerxaemai nafrniiaeil. inotdrueeIrnpe s iholaorgd ieet er­
in-tardeavcacre netsuptleup se c eeam ina atitucdriintefi ateaad e
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ces ev ar etpientner 0u p eriaom aadia semeaniferam aitnim iom.e nutlin
VIII IlltroIdIplIsii clezroel ogie
carveo ra uizd esrped etercutdloe degraabcae,ed aea Iep redmaa i
minicundie,sr peh pinozoar,i entdaepraetr ea ceal coarraeu I ntr-adevar
sexuaplear,pc feiee xternazsorinaelvaod ieee l .e. N.u- mpio ti magina
�a.m..d.,s peramc a" ablsvoenfailit"c evbau np meanit ru jibiinnleelie
acestefii� v coarrre faim icnattpier o­uman..e.d ecsaatd ecsopecraidt e
blermied idcoav eduinreoaars tfdeel multb inpeO ffaic ep riinn termediul
afirmafsiaifui� v oarm itnic,ep lu fint,r ansmiptseirhioil og(iMeiil"l er,
caa cesdtoev eezxtiia �s ic aI e-caiut i1t9 69S)u.n tIenmt troutd ueal c doc ru
candva. aceste aji�ritm,ia m!dpie i4 ()d ea ni,
ina l trreainlsdeu aen mtp re­IntroduIcnpe srieh olaof goimseo td a­
ocpualdie rolupls iholofgnu lliutia ntoseatar daea transpmsiitheo ­
rezolvparroebal emseolcoirAa l�ea.l ogmiaadi ep atre.
cumd emotnrseanzuaem roasdeilse­ inc ead e-an ouae ditaime
cUfdiiian c eacsatrapt es,i holao giinoatd ruusn a pendincuemt Ci um sa
contraidbeusiletaa a tgienreuan uici teu�nt mia nuamle:t odPaQ RST.
asemeonbeiaie vce,tfic ienpfsai hotCei­titaoura ifirim acta a cesst-aa
rpaiefint ratatruelaab ruirlcoorm ­doveadj iit extfroleoms id�teido er
portame�niet maolfei ofiniannldue ­ aceerae caonmadm steundfislao-rl
maui ne xepmlIun a cessetn Sst.u diceo­nsuIlntaeid neat eIcn e plee ctura.
refavn alaarfl iciup to sibapialrai fUinaa latj utovre dfenrf evnaa farii,
instrausiirsiptieac tael cu,lc aetro­prreezntaptet nrup rimdaa taf n
cetamreemaoi reaic ontrliacb ouni­ta ceaesdtial eiseta,ec cteunar(enfa­
�titzeianreraic suriplroers updues ger o�atreereamn)i sloarcuo cnpetelor
declarmaarttioirloiecl luoarrc ie,r cei­mpotranItnse c,po udle a I es coaItne
tardiildneom enipusli lhoogsioeci iae­videnctiat;i tcoarruselt p aane�te
Iea uf undaemntatm eotdedleef lna­senmificafitae remni loarc centuati
turaard iecs riamri#in id ed iimnuarpeo astpuen cea e sptree gpatetinrtu
0
a conflictienltgoerrpur alEex.e pmlee xmainea.rU n ajurt soupleinamtr
caa cesteafi gavisotrfe n fieceasrteGe h idudle s tud�iiup rogramul
cpaitaoll acceasrtleii. modulaerl abodreac ta tJroeh Gn.
Unp sihoal oafigr macta " se­CarslonU,n isvietradtienaH awai.
creteefloer tunrosiatlrnoeurt erbeu iAceIsdtnr pet,ac rarvea fi p rezentat
safi er ezervsapetcei ali.�.Rte.is l­fonrp rfaetpao, afit uet sitlu denfeti ilor
ponslaibtiantosearata e stmea piu tipne tnrpur egatciurresau oriblio�rn ui­
acedeeaa n ea SUlrnoald uesl pe ciat­efi,ep enturnmu o dudlem asetr.
li�#t die a fcnerscaaa plicanmo i Cead e-uanp srezeecdeiaaf f ioset
f�nintee orpisiilleho ogicciem, air eviz�uiic toam pletcpaurtizan,a nd
Pre/alii IX
noiin forimnal feitgiiiu riis istetmiunl�f iee pxeacftidii)n capdrrou­l
Cll
den eoutrrainfsiimt�oinr euir eocrepc­seuldueir ecunoaa� otbieercet elor
tortie,o rcioinl�et irieenfafuenaieu ,­ (rolduelfu itdn ea cesptreo ceisne
rona�licii on xeinosimu,d lifeenr!ealceh izi!cioocnnpeatreeleaos rte exup s
itneerxsualien,f l!uaergneean et�iic fiinc paito9l)Au.cl e csatp iftaomli lia­
evoluifsiatco iion pmortamenirta urliuzie,ca iztiii tcoumr oudle lcuonlxe io­
infi ecarsee cliau nceii rlfoisit nsiat a ls tructruerciuine orai��iit
itnegtriida iagarf aunmc !iocneiirreii­in clnuoddiesi cuc!riiiti inlc eetg iiurii
bralCel,l l ocalizsiipreiclifei aclee cus ciiderceapaac itodreri ei CUI10a$­
cogniefmioe!ii�,i ill iomrb a}Puellu1ti-e.r see,c llnddifaerriii taefelcofri llni
traun ur peetuan elluec rfunfir eic arcee rebrale.
cpait,vo olmm en!iionnc ao ntien uaCrapito7l,lun vlta are�aic onditio­
catedvian stcrhei miblmiieajr ore. nareaaf ,os tr evi�ziru eigotarn ziaitn
inc paito1l,Pus li holcoag� itai inat�afa el i ncsaiist e a crodiem portanta
�id emerusm anisstu,n ctu rpi nsceu venciutniio scuatbeodlriiorcriom ­
dsicuc!riiit iinlc eegt iiurciiud eonp­ortamentcaolginsitt.iii'j,vei it sot­ii
tolocgeirac e�ti0ii s reici! aimupIn iie, l ogiacliiie n viitiiinrc ipaii.lt uo8I ,
dedicaabtodiirii riitnie rcdpiilsairne ,M emoridasi,c u!ciriiltseipu cileme n­
inp rcipina�lt iicno!gientii� viee v olut­arielt urseapzeiipr esctnieuvraoa iinl
!iiosnumlpusii lhoogiincc .pa iotull3, pridne scrimeordeeal cuolnueix ionist
Dezvoltaprseiah ologsiecca!,i uanlme emao irediel undguiir aEtsiit.de e,
referiltado ezavroel tcaorgenai at iavsiie menienac,l usniiou iis eicufne
0
fostr escrpiesniit ar uf urniza rfeeritolaamr eem oriian voluntarii:
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pepresctmiaviiic laar tiie oriliulipo rre zendtoavreezaci alroaeret stciiii
Piag�eiat el abodriiriallotre rnamteimvaoeerr ae veneinntleplroeprsu uen
cee pxliecviio lumloiadal itiid!ei sliosrt deems et ocdaifreer fiattiied e
inleleag leurmeid eic iitrcepo i/m.e moiara ptitud.i nilor
Noilcee rcetaiisruip riad teintii!iinic paito1l0uM,lo tiveplrei mare,
sexu�aila e c aractersiesxtuiacsliuelnp otrr e zenatmaptlee daissucpur!ai i
sunatb odarteex tenfsnci avd rduils ­obzeitiialnioeirx,ib euil,i mpireeic,u m
cUlicirliotrrie cuens iutnbe u emldee �i nouii sercfe!eiruinteol aar e
a
"Sep oaptree nvise exauliuslsm pecip-ersveirunsielxeu aClapei.t o1l,1u l
ficc poiliiprriieendi u cas!eixeu aliiE?m otipar, ezicnetliime a ir eecnte
II.
Capito5l,uP elr cepateria d,r epstt udtairnis cuallpteeu t remeapx ri­
subideeclti miptraorceeasa iisrcieinm ­iirii emotii�lio rn,o upiir ecum
0
den(tdee tienriiam dtes tui)lmd e cesae c!irfueenrei tolaaer meo tiafi­ele
decsende(ndteiit ienramdteiic uno�r-enptree cio!ginilor.
x IlllroIdIplIsl iclelrOel ogie
Capito1l3Du,el z voltpaerresao nda­iscue!xiaheu stia vpae rsisten!ei
litadtei-liau ngvuile tciaira,ea paruts terpeuortiilcohira r$ ii ns itua!ii
pentprruia md atianc edae -zae cenaoe biui�tnSee.c !iurnfeeear itolaar e
edi!ai lecu rarai fios,te xtins aptriitnua fd ositin nia �fael r eccopelua1t
incelrueduan eiipm ortadnsitceua ! iiin casta c uprifnundca! iaitliet u­
moudluIin c arfea ctogreinie tidciin,im loodru,dl e i nfluean c!oanr­e
ambien�tiac lulit urianltie rasci!sitoe­ant!ietiu d�iinm aolifidec arile
neazian p rocedseu l fonan aartei tudSiecn!ailuein.ne c aa rseu nt
pesronlaitaAtceiscitpa. i otli cnlud0 e prenzatetree latiinpitelerers odnea le
noau secutnier eferiltado ezavroel a­trea-cr!peiisngcepurrei nddei sCll­
0
tarpeear sonaaldiotslace!einit� uil ui
liien tereas aaelngtreaio ib iectului
cuprinIdnefi nal anlaizaa
0 iubi�riit ieo rcieal otrr ecio mpo­
facrtiolcoarr ceo tnribluasi tea bili­
nenenatleei ubiCraipii.t o1l9u,l
tatpeear sona�lili ats ac!hiiim barile
Interact�iiiu nnfleuae c'�a csoonc­iala,
acestdeaitaca um atiutratea.
0 lien nousae c/irufeenrei tolaar e
0
Capito1l5uS,lt re�sia daptaar e,
decizigirlpue � id dei sccurliitei ca
0
foscto mplreeto rgapneinztartu a
pet emraep sectparrciipniii idleoorn ­
refldeomcteianu Ilnp iidnezav oltare
tologIincc aez eupxle rimenltueil or
alp silhoogsiaeanit iiliaic;ec spati tol
Milgmrp aet emoab edienlei.
icnleu dseicu!nnio ii nc are se
Autoriaic esctaerial ci,uc ma dre
abrodeazmaod uli nc arset resul
universIintd airfee irnitset iatuu !ii,
afecteaszaana attemao,d uilnc are
foscto lelgaUi n isvietraStatenarf do,
tpiuld ep esroniatlamtedei azraa s­
uned profesEorrnuelRs .tH ilgard
punsluasl t r�eies ji ciesnt!raa tegiilor
le-ian suefnltautz ipaesn1t11srutulu ­
de adpatarlea s treDsou.a noi
diupls oiohlgiePia.s tr�aina dc um
dsicuc/riiits iuc"neAtb uzsuelx ucaal
" letgaurcau acaestau neirvsitate,
factomraj odre s tre�s"iP shioetra­
autoaruis io iicciotlaaatbr oeprar o­
pipao atien flueenv/oal cu!ainac eru­
" fersulouSiu sNaonl en-Hoeaklsee ma,
lui.?
Capit1o6lP,su ilh olpoagtioel ogiccaar,e i cercetin aprrii pnavclii zeaza
a fosrte vipzeunittar iun clcuedlees tratedgeai dipaltea rleas treIsn,
mai recceerncteedt iandr oim ienulv ederea elaborparriinic id­irecliilor
genet�iibc iioil oSgei!ceiiu.nr feee­a palael cepa itol1u5lA.lu eig esr-eaa
ritolaars eci hzfroen�iiet ulburadroivleeda ijtid etslud ei nspiirna ta
obsesipvu-lcsoailf vo1seltr escr�iis sae unlsc an oauv ersiauc npaei tolului
auf oisntt rondousist eud dei ic az.S tre�si a daptaerset uen ad intre
Capito1l8uC,lr edi�nita et itudpianri ticleel mea i intearlees ante
sociacluep,r idneda ec eadsatta0a lucrarii.
Prefalii XI
AlctOel llpletliri
Primeclopeml etparreiz enitna rtiet iat;e emesini! iraeplseic,t jiuavm­
aceasetdai taiuef ostc ua tenttiaet ei tdeifmneii cia rcupaii taouflo s, t
actluiaz�aiti,ena celtai�micp o,o rv­ali�diaap rtoib adteci at rAeso ciatia
donaeta tactuI ntrmegauunallp r,e ­PsilhoogiVcaal.i diittaetmeidale o­r,
cum� iu nelceu a lteilnecs aats e monstrdaeti at ieim-chofee ripaer ,o ­
asigaurceut reat$eiap, r ianc easfteas,o rpiolsoirb ilsiart eaaztleeizae
0
posibildietf aoltoesai erfei cieenxmtaain.a rrei gurao acsuan o$tintelor
FoloesaGi hridudleus it ud�iiau p ro­steundtiPlroporot.ri iat emiloar , care
gramulmuoid ul(aUrn iMta stePrryo ­fostc ua tensttiaeb ipleirtmapi,rt oe­
grame) labodreac ta trJeoh nG . fesorulsuai-e �xtii n�disa a -a�dipa -
CarslonU,n isvietradtienMa a noa­tezeex mainaerain cocnordacnut a
Hawaoife, r pao sibilciat fialeta­e sape cificcluals eilnao ldr o.i lreaan d,
carcepa iotls as ep unian a plicacraer apsunsl as oliciptrfoaesorriil,le o r
vocabuliadrepuirllice,pin ael� ic on­jumatdaittnoe t ailtuelm aiula ocru m
cpetecloen,s tiatsutfiuennlvd e ritaob aiclc entcuoapmtoeann tcaOl lpcteu­
sistdeeam s imi�lfiiax rareea c uon�­alai;t ecmoicnipe tuaclairs,eeg aessc,
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