Table Of ContentPROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
109(2), 2007, pp. 454^62
INTRODUCED LEAF BEETLES OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES, THE
3:
VIBURNUM LEAF BEETLE, PYRRHALTA VIBURNI (PAYKULL)
(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Christopher G. Majka and Laurent LeSage
(CGM) Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, 1747 Summer Street, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3A6 (e-mail: [email protected]); (LL) Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, ECORC, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA 0C6
—
Abstract. Pyrrhalta vibiirni (PaykuU), the viburnum leaf beetle, is an introduced
Palearctic leafbeetle established in northeastern and northwestern North America. It
was first reported in Ontario in 1947 but did not create problems until 1978 when
destruction of European varieties of viburnums was observed. It has subsequently
been found in a number ofCanadian provinces and northeastern United States. It is
herein newly reported from Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. In Nova
Scotia, several localities are reported for the first time, while specimens collected in
AnnapoHs Royal, in 1924, establish a new timeline for its occurrence on the
continent. Two possible scenarios with respect to the origin and dispersal of P.
viburni in the Maritimes are proposed and discussed. The systematic history of the
genus is briefly recounted and the diagnostics ofthe genus and species are given. The
occurrence of P. viburni on native and exotic species in the plant genus Viburnum is
examined, and concerns are expressed with respect to its impact on native and
cultivated varieties.
Key Words: Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Pyrrhalta viburni, viburnum
leaf beetle, Canada, Maritime Provinces, introduced species
Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) is an acci- Pyrrhalta viburni was first reported on
dentally introduced Palearctic leafbeetle, the North American continent from
which is now established in northeastern specimens collected in Fonthill in the
and northwestern North America. In the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario in 1947
Old World, it is found throughout much (Sheppard 1955). In 1978, Becker (1979)
of Europe (including Ireland and Great found the species established on the
Britain) north to Fennoscandia and east southern side of the Ottawa River in
across Russian Karelia to the Urals, Ottawa (Ontario), and on the northern
Orenburg, and Kazan. The southern side in Hull (Quebec). Old scars on twigs
limit of its distribution ranges from the of infested bushes indicated that the
Pyrenees east through Liguria and the beetle had been present for several years
southern Carpathians to the Black Sea, before the infestations were noticed. In
Crimea, Georgia, and Dagestan in the 1993, it was reported in Halifax and
Caucasus (Warchalowski 1994, Borowiec Dartmouth, Nova Scotia (Wheeler and
2005) Hoebeke 1994), and in 1994 it was found
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 2 455
in Maine (Weston and Hoebeke 2003). It Hoebeke 2003, Weston and Diaz 2005).
was recorded in New York (1996), Small and Catling (2005: 50) wrote that,
Vermont (2000), Pennsylvania (2000), "Biologists have speculated that certain
and Ohio (2002) by Weston and Hoe- species of Viburnum may become extir-
beke (2003). In 2001, it was recorded in pated over parts of their range. The
British Columbia (Gillespie 2001). More situation has been described as verging
recently it has been reported in Connecti- on ecological disaster."
cut (2004), Massachusetts (2004), New In this context, we examined the
Hampshire (2005) and Vermont (2004) published records of this species from
(Anonymous 2005). Weston and Diaz the Maritime Provinces of Canada. We
(2005) predicted that "given its broad also studied recent and historical speci-
distribution in Europe, it seems likely mens housed in various collections (see
that this pest will become widely distrib- below). Our survey reveals that P. viburni
uted in the United States, given the is more broadly distributed in this region
abundance of suitable native host plants than hitherto known, and it has been
such as Viburnum dentaturn and V. present for a significantly longer period
opulus variety ainericanum throughout than previously reported.
the eastern and northern halves, respec-
tively, of the United States."
Systematics
Pyrrhalta viburni has been recorded
from a large variety of hosts whose Pyrrhalta has a complicated taxonom-
susceptibility to the beetle varies consid- ic history. De Joannis (1866) originally
erably. Based on field observations, created it as a subgenus of Galeruca
Weston and Desurmont (2002) reported Geoffroy, 1792. In the first edition ofthe
that V. trilobum Marshall, V. opulus L., Coleopterorum Catalogus, Weise (1924)
V. sargentii Koehne, V. rafinesquianum considered Pyrrhalta as monotypic, in-
Schultes, V. recognitum Fernald, and V. cluding only P. viburni. Wilcox (1965)
dentaturn L. were the most susceptible enlarged the genus considerably by in-
hosts. In laboratory trials, they found V. cluding the subgenera Galerucella
trilobum, V. sargentii, and V. prunifolium Crotch, Neogalerucella Chujo, Xantho-
L. susceptible in varying degrees to larval galeruca Laboissierre, and Tricholoch-
feeding, while V. wrightii Miq., V. maea Laboissiere. He maintained rough-
plicatum (Thunb.), V. rhytidophylloides ly the same conception in the second
J. Sur., V. carlesii Hemsl., and V. edition of the Coleopterorum Catalogus
sieboldii Miq were resistant. Adults (Wilcox 1971). Ten years later, however,
additionally fed to a substantial degree he included in Pyrrhalta only the Pale-
on V. wrightii, V. rhytidophylloides, and arctic species and elevated to generic
V. carlesii. Clark et al. (2004) addifion- level the subgenera of his first contribu-
ally record P. viburni from V. acerifolium tion (Seeno and Wilcox 1982). LeSage
L., V. dilatatum Thnb., V. lantana L., V. (1991) adopted these changes but
lentago L., V. xpragense Decker, and V. Downie and Arnett (1996) continued to
tinus L., although they did not specify use the broad conception of Pyrrhalta.
susceptibility nor larval versus adult Recently Riley et al. (2002) largely
consumption for these species. Concern followed the generic arrangement of
has been expressed by a number of Seeno and Wilcox (1982), with only
authors about the potential impact of slight modifications regarding Galeru-
P. viburni on populations of Viburnum in cella Crotch and Neogalerucella Chujo.
North America (Weston and Desurmont This new classification which was
2002, Weston et al. 2002, Weston and adopted for the Catalog ofLeaf Beetles
456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DHWC
ofAmerica North ofMexico (Riley et al. David H. Webster Collection,
2003) reaches a broad consensus among Kentville, Nova Scotia
those interested in leaf beetles in North GSC Gary Selig Collection, Bridge-
America. water, Nova Scotia
NSAC Nova Scotia Agricultural Col-
Identification lege, Bible Hill, Nova Scotia
The genus Pyrrhalta can be identified NSMC Nova Scotia Museum Collec-
using a combination of external char- tion, Halifax, Nova Scotia
acters: antennomere 4 longer than 2, the NSNR Nova Scotia Department of
front coxae closed and not separated by Natural Resources, Shubena-
the prosternum, tibial spurs present on cadie. Nova Scotia
hind tibiae in both sexes, the inner
margin of epipleuron is distinct to apex,
elytra without distinct vittae, and elytral Locality Records
punctation fine. Pyrrhalta vihurni has now been found
At a specific level, P. vihurni is in the four Maritime Provinces: New
distinguished by a golden pubescence Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
on the head, pronotum, and elytra. Island, and Newfoundland (Fig. 2). In
Species in the genus Tricholochmciea total, 76 specimens were examined. Un-
Laboissiere are also pubescent, but the less otherwise indicated, specimens are
hairs are never golden. On the pronotum adults. In addition to the locality records
of P. viburni, the pair of dark markings obtained from the specimens examined
reach the lateral margins, but not in by the authors, the list below includes
Tricholochmciea. In addition, the prono- localities reported in the literature.
tum is twice as wide as long in Pyrrhalta, NEW BRUNSWICK: Charlotte Co.:
whereas it is only 1.5 as wide as long in St. Stephen, 1995-2001, R.E. Hoebeke
Tricholochmaea. The elytral punctures and A.G. Wheeler, (Hoebeke and Wheel-
are coarse in Tricholochmaea but fine in er 2003); Saim John Co.: Saint John,
Pyrrhalta. There are no vittae on the 1995-2001, R.E. Hoebeke and A.G.
elytra as in most specimens of Ophraella Wheeler, (Hoebeke and Wheeler 2003);
Wilcox, although the shoulders are often York Co.: Fredericton, 1995-2001, R.E.
darkened (Fig. 1). Hoebeke and A.G. Wheeler, (Hoebeke
NEWFOUND-
and Wheeler 2003).
Conventions LAND: St. John's, Long Pond, IX-
Abbreviations of collections referred X.2001, D.J. Larson (4, CNC); St.
to in the text are: John's, 2002, D.J. Larson (2, CNC).
NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co.: Anna-
ACNS Agriculture and Agri-Food polis Royal, 19.IX.1924, J.P. Spitall (1,
Canada, Kentville, Nova Sco- ACNS); 1.X.1924, J.P. Spitall (4, ACNS);
tia Halifax Co.: Halifax, 26.VI.1993, R.E.
ACPE Agriculture and Agri-Food Hoebeke & A.G. Wheeler, (on) Vibur-
Canada, Charlottetown, num opulus (1, CUIC); Dartmouth,
Prince Edward Island 26.VI.1993, R.E. Hoebeke&A.G. Wheel-
CGMC
Christopher G. Majka Collec- er, (on) Viburnum opulus, (1, CUIC);
tion, Halifax, Nova Scotia Point Pleasant Park: 9.IX.2001, C.G.
CNC
Canadian National Collection, Majka, swamp, low vegetation (1,
Ottawa, Ontario CNC); ibid., 23.IX.1993, Barry Wright,
CUIC Cornell University Insect Col- (on) Viburnum nudum (9, NSMC); ibid.,
lection, Ithaca, New York 25.IX.1993, Barry Wright, (on) Viburnum
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 2 457
Fig. 1. Habitus photograph ofPyrrhalta viburni.
458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Cape Breton
Island
Fig. 2. Distribution ofPyrrhalta viburni in the Maritime Provinces. Closed circles indicate collection
localities. Inset map: collection locality in Newfoundland.
nudum (3, NSMC); ibid., 1.IX.2000, C.G. (2, ACPE); Charlottetown, 1995-2001,
Majka, C.G. Majka, (on) Viburnum R.E. Hoebeke and A.G. Wheeler, (Hoe-
nudum (1, CGMC); ibid., 10.VIII.2001, beke and Wheeler 2003); Cornwall,
C.G. Majka, (on) Viburnum nudum (2, 28.VI.2005, defoliating snowballs, M.E.
CGMC); ibid., 9.IX.2001, C.G. Majka, Smith (36 larvae, CNC).
boggy area, deciduous vegetation (3,
CGMC); ibid., 21.IX.2001, C.G. Majka, Discussion
deciduous forest (3, CGMC); Herring An examination of Fig. 2 reveals that
Cove: 29.IX.2002, C.G. Majka, coastal P. viburni has now been recorded from
barrens (2, CGMC); Hants Co.: Windsor, a number of widely distributed localities
28.VII.1999, J. Ogden (2, NSNR); Pictou in the southern portions ofthe Maritime
Co.: New Glasgow, 22.VIII.2002, S. Provinces and in Newfoundland. On the
Wallis (8, NSNR); Lyons Brook, mainland, it has not been recorded in
30.VIII.2002, E. Georgeson (1, NSNR); northern New Brunswick (although col-
Salt Springs, 16.VIII.2006, C.G. Majka, lecting effort in this area has been slight)
defoliating Viburnumopulus(20, CGMC); nor on Cape Breton Island. Ofparticular
Lunenburg Co.: Bridgewater, 23.IX.2002, note and interest are specimens collected
G.D. Selig, defoliating Viburnum opulus by J.P. Spitall (a researcher with the
(2, GSC). PRINCE EDWARD IS- Dominion Entomological Station [1911-
LAND: Queens Co.: Charlottetown, 52] in Annapolis Royal) in Annapolis
6.VIII.1997, M.E.M. Smith, on Viburnum Royal, NS in 1924. These specimens
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 2 459
extend by 23 years the known timeline of Table 1. Early records (date first recorded) of
this species in North America. The adventive Coleoptera from Annapolis Royal, NS.
question thus arises as to the possible
origin of this population. In this context Anobiidae
two possibilities present themselves.
1) Annapolis Royal is the site of one
of the earliest European settlements in
North America, established by French
settlers in 1605. It was the military and
administrative center of Acadia during
parts of 17th century, and between 1710
and 1749 (until the establishment of
Halifax) was the capital of Nova Scotia
(which then included much of the
Maritime Provinces). During this peri-
od, there was an extensive trans-Atlan-
tic commerce between Annapolis Royal
and (particularly) French seaports (Cal-
nek 1897). Indirect evidence indicates
that this commerce had an effect on the
fauna of the area. Of 161 species of
beetles which have been collected in the
Annapolis Royal area (ACNS, CNC,
CGMC, DHWC, NSAC, NSMC), 47
species (29.2%) are introduced, Pale-
arctic species, double the 14.8% overall
ratio of introduced species in Nova
Scotia (C. Majka, unpublished data).
Many of these are synanthropic spe-
cies or those associated with agricul-
ture and/or horticulture. In many in-
stances these specimens represent some
of the earliest known records of these
species in the province (Table 1), in-
dicating an early and extensive history
of introductions to the area. Thus, it is
possible that P. viburni may have been
imported to the Annapolis Royal area
sometime during this early history of
settlement.
2) Annapolis Royal was also the site
(from 1885 to ~ 1945) of the Annapolis
Royal Nurseries, the largest and most
comprehensive horticultural nursery in
eastern Canada (Clarke 1927). This
nursery imported horticultural stock
from throughout the world, propagated
it, and sold plants throughout the
Maritime Provinces (A. Wilson, pers.
460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
comm.). In the nursey's catalogue as naturalized shrubs, and other species
(Clarke 1927) three exotic Palearctic of Viburnum are grown in horticultural
species of Viburnum were offered for sale contexts (Roland 1998, Hinds 1986). In
(K opulus L., V. tomentosum Shasta, and the Maritime Provinces P. viburni has
V. plicatwn Thunb.), suggesting the been recorded on V. opulus and V.
possibility that P. viburni could have nudum, and V. acerifolium, V. dentatum,
been imported in association with nurs- V. lanata, V. lentago, and V. recognitum
ery stock of one of these species. are recorded hosts (Clark et al. 2004),
Whether this early introduction to indicating that a substantial proportion
Annapolis Royal was responsible for ofspecies in this region could be affected
the subsequent occurrence of P. viburni by this beetle.
at other locations in the Maritime Thus far, the impact of P. viburni in
Provinces is uncertain. this region has not been noted to be
Pyrrhalta viburniis one ofa substantial significant, although occasional signifi-
number ofintroduced leafbeetles known cant defoliation of shrubs has been
in the Maritime Provinces. In Nova reported (G. Selig pers. comm.). Weston
Scotia, 25 of the 178 species of Chry- and Desurmont (2002) wrote that, "Vi-
somelidae (14%) recorded in the prov- burnum leaf beetle has the potential to
ince are introduced species, similar to the become a major landscape pest because
14.8% of the overall beetle fauna which ofits ability to kill susceptible viburnums
is introduced (C. Majka, unpublished if allowed to defoliate shrubs for several
data). Chrysolina staphylea L. (Evans years in succession." Young (2004) wrote
1899), Cassida rubiginosa Miiller (Brown that, "Heavy infestations ... could de-
1940), Longitarsus luridus (Goeze) foliate shrubs, cause dieback, and even-
(Brown 1967, LeSage 1988), L. ferrugi- tually kill plants. Costs to homeowners,
neus (Foudras) (LeSage 1988), L. praten- parks, arboretums, municipalities, and
sis (Panzer) (LeSage 1988), Sphaero- nurseries to manage heavy infestations
dernui testaceuni (Fabricius) (Hoebeke
and Wheeler 2003, Majka and LeSage ... and to replace killed plants could be
high. Quarantines imposed ... would
2006) and Oulema melauopus (Linne)
represent an economic burden to the
(LeSage et al. 2007) are all introduced many growers who export nursery stock
Palearctic chrysomelids whose presence
" Given such concerns, ongoing
in the region has been discussed in
monitoring of populations of P. viburni
publications. The impact of this sub-
in the region would not be imprudent.
stantial number ofintroduced species on
the native fauna and the environment in
Acknowledgments
general has been rather little investigat-
ed. Species such as Lilioceris lilii (Sco- Thanks are extended to Christine
poli), Crioceris duodecinipunctata (L.), C. Noronha and Mary Smith (Agriculture
asparagi (L.), and Oulema niekmopus are and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown,
all potentially serious pests. PEI), Susan Westby and Cory Sheffield
In the Maritime Provinces, the native (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
Viburnum cdnifolium Marsh., V. edule Kentville, NS), Gary Selig, Jean-Pierre
(Michx.) Raf., and V. nudum L. are LeBlanc (Nova Scotia Agricultural Col-
common, generally distributed species. lege), and Jeffrey Ogden (Nova Scotia
Viburnum acerifolium, V. lentago, and V. Department of Natural Resources) for
recognitum have been found in New making specimens and records available,
Brunswick. Exotic species such as V. to Klaus Bolte for executing the habitus
dentatum, V. lantana. and V. opulus grow photograph, and to Alex Wilson (Nova
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 2 461
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