Table Of ContentI
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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK
Intestinal Microbiota
in Health and Disease:
Modern Concepts
Intestinal Microbiota
in Health and Disease:
Modern Concepts
Editors
Eduardo J. Schiffrin, Medical Director
Nestlé Research Centre
Lausanne
Switzerland
Philippe Marteau, Professor
Départment Médico-Chirurgical de Pathologie Digestive
Hôpital Lariboisière
Paris
France
Dominique Brassart
Nestlé HealthCare Nutrition
Vevey
Switzerland
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Preface
Mucosal surfaces are home to a complex microbiota, which rapidly colonizes
the tissues at birth and bestows important nutritional, metabolic and
protective functions which benefi t the host. The numerous and diverse
microbial communities residing at the vast intestinal mucosal surface have
a particularly important role to play in human health, any dysbiosis of this
microbiota being an underlying factor in a variety of clinical diseases. As
such, the intestinal microbiota is the subject of intense and rapidly advancing
research. Recent progress in molecular microbiology, bioinformatics and
ecology in particular, are providing new insight into the role of the intestinal
microbiota in health and revealing hitherto unexplored means to prevent
or treat certain diseases.
Through this book, we sought to provide the reader with an appraisal
of the most recent advances in the fi eld. To this end, we have invited
recognized experts from the academic and medical communities and
from the pharmaceutical and food industry, to provide a treatise on a
range of topics that address host-microbe interactions in the gut and the
consequences of these interactions for the host.
The opening chapters of the book discuss how microbes interact with
host cells in specifi c intestinal niches, become established members of the
intestinal microbiota and impact the development and function of a healthy
immune system. The next chapters describe how pathogens overcome host
defences and exploit the underlying mechanisms to infect the host. Chapters
in the second half of the book then address the characteristics and the
mechanisms leading to dysbiosis of the microbiota and how this culminates
in the development of infl ammatory bowel disease, obesity, infection or
stress. In this context, authors also discuss how manipulation of gut ecology
and the use of probiotic microorganisms are credible therapeutic strategies
to treat diseases and conditions affecting both the inside and the outside
the gastrointestinal tract.
We are confi dent that the authors have provided a balanced review of
the fi eld and that the contents of this book will offer new information to
students and experienced researchers alike.
vi Intestinal Microbiota in Health and Disease: Modern Concepts
We sincerely thank each author for the outstanding quality of their
respective contributions and we trust that you, like us, will fi nd the contents
of this book informative, fascinating and a pleasure to read.
Eduardo J. Schiffrin, Medical Director
Philippe Marteau, Professor
Dominique Brassart
Contents
Preface v
1. Commensal Intestinal Microbiota and Mucosal Immune 1
System Development and Function
Katarina Radulovic and Jan Hendrik Niess
2. Presentation of Microbial Signals via Maternal Cells: 41
An Evolutionary Advantage of Mammals
Pablo F. Perez, Anne Donnet-Hughes and Eduardo J. Schiffrin
3. Interactions of the Intestinal Microbiota with Mucosal 61
Epithelial Cells
Cherbuy Claire, Tomas Julie, Thomas Muriel and Langella Philippe
4. Pathogen-Host Cell Interactions at the Intestinal Level: 88
Lessons from Cultured Human Fully-Differentiated
Colon Cancer Caco-2 and T84 Epithelial Cell Lines
Vanessa Liévin-Le Moal and Alain L. Servin
5. Manipulation of the Host-Cell Pathways by Bacterial 140
Enteropathogens
Brice Sperandio and Philippe J. Sansonetti
6. The Role of Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of 165
GI Infections
Christina M. Surawicz and Christopher Damman
7. The Microbiota in Infl ammatory Bowel Disease 179
Philippe Marteau, Marion Leclerc, Patricia Lepage, Philippe Seksik,
Harry Sokol and Joel Doré
8. Opportunistic Pathogens in Infl ammatory Bowel Disease, 196
and the Relation with Specifi c Gene Susceptibilities
Marianne Fraher and Fergus Shanahan
viii Intestinal Microbiota in Health and Disease: Modern Concepts
9. Opportunistic Pathogens in Infl ammatory Bowel Disease, 221
The Case of Adherent-Invasive E. coli
Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud
10. Correction of Microbiota Disturbances or Antagonism 230
Against Specifi c Pathogens in IBD
Paul K. Flanagan and Jonathan M. Rhodes
11. Probiotics in Infl ammatory Bowel Disease: Modulation of 252
the Pathological Immune or Infl ammatory Activation. Their
Potential Benefi ts in the Different Phases of the Disease
Siew C. Ng and Ailsa L. Hart
12. Mechanisms, Prevention and Management of Diarrhoea 277
in Enteral Nutrition
Kevin Whelan and Stéphane M. Schneider
13. Infl uence of the Intestinal Microbiota on the Critically 293
Ill Patient
Robert G. Martindale, Stephen A. McClave, Malissa Warren
and Svetang Desai
14. Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes: 307
Links with Diet and Weight Loss Intervention
Judith Aron-Wisnewsky and Karine Clément
Index 325
Color Plate Section 327
1
Commensal Intestinal
Microbiota and Mucosal
Immune System Development
and Function
Katarina Radulovic1 and Jan Hendrik Niess1,2,*
Introduction
Instead of living as one individual organism, different species coexist in
complex ecological niches constantly infl uencing each other. Humans
are no exception from the symbiotic way of living since every healthy
human individual coexists with an enormous number of microorganisms.
The mutually dependent “life together” of two or more species is called
symbiosis (Black 1996). Symbiotic relations of humans and microbial species
always have positive outcomes for at least one member and this includes
the relationships of mutualism and commensalism. Mutualism is a “win-
win” situation in which both members benefi t from the relationship (Black
1996). In commensalism the situation is “win-zero” since one member of
the relationship benefi ts without helping or harming the other one (Black
1996). When considering the interactions between microbial communities,
1Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
E-mail: [email protected]
2Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
