Table Of ContentIntervening
t0 \
Improve
the ]
Safety /
of
Occupation
f f l
Driving
Timothy D. Ludwig, PhD
E. Scott Geller, PhD
Preface t
Thomas C. Mawhinney, BO
Intervening
to Improve the Safety
of Occupational Driving:
A Behavior-Change Model
and Review
of Empirical Evidence
Intervening to Improve the Safety of Occupational Driving: A
Behavior-Change Model and Review of Empirical Evidence has
been co-pubiished simultaneously as Journal of Organizational
Behavior Management, Volume 19, Number 4 2000.
This page intentionally left blank
Intervening
to Improve the Safety
of Occupational Driving:
A Behavior-Change Model
and Review
of Empirical Evidence
Timothy D. Ludwig, PhD
E. Scott Geller, PhD
Preface by
Thomas C. Mawhinney, PhD
Editor, Journal of Organizational Behavior Management
Intervening to Improve the Safety of Occupational Driving: A
Behavior-Change Model and Review of Empirical Evidence has
been co-published simultaneously as Journal of Organizational
Behavior Management, Volume 19, Number 4 2000.
1J Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group
New York London
Intervening to Improve the Safety of Occupational Driving: A
Behavior-Change Model and Review of Empirical Evidence
has also been published as Journal of Organizational Behavior
Management, Volume 19, Number 4 2000.
© 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or
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This edition published 2012 by Routlcdgc
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Intervening to improve the safety of occupational driving: a behavior-change model and review of
empirical evidence / Timothy D. Ludwig, E. Scott Geller, Thomas C. Mawhinney.
p. cm.
“Co-published simultaneously as Journal [of] organizational behavior management, volume
19, number 4 2000.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7890-1004-6 (alk. paper)-lSBN 0-7890-1012-7 (alk. paper)
1. Traffic accidents. 2. Delivery of goods. 3. Behavior modification. I. Ludwig, Timothy D. II.
Geller, ii. Scott, 1942-111. Mawhinney, Thomas C. IV. Journal of organizational behavior manage
ment.
HE5614.I586 2000
363.12 '57-dc21 00-039602
CIP
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Timothy D. Ludwig, PhD, is Associate Professor at Appalachian State
University, where he directs the Industrial/Organizational Psychology
master’s program. He has over a dozen publications in applied behavior
analysis focusing on occupational safety and other societal issues. He
has chaired 7 symposia on behavioral safety research and presented in
over 60 conference sessions. Dr. Ludwig’s research has been cited in nu
merous textbooks including Kazdin (1994),Sarafino (1996), Lieberman
(1999), and Spector (2000).
E. Scott Geller, PhD, is Professor of Psychology and Director of the
Center for Applied Behavior Systems at Virginia Polytechnic Institute &
State University, where he has been a faculty member since 1969. He is a
Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psy
chological Society, and the World Academy of Productivity and Quality.
He is past Editor of Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (1989-1992)
and current Associate Editor (since 1983) of Environment and Behavior.
He recently published his seventh book on managing behaviors and atti
tudes for occupational health and safety.
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Intervening
to Improve the Safety
of Occupational Driving:
A Behavior-Change Model
and Review
of Empirical Evidence
CONTENTS
Preface
Intervening to Improve the Safety of Delivery Drivers:
A Systematic Behavioral Approach
Timothy D. Ludwig
E. Scolt Geller
Index
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Preface
AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW OF SAFE DRIVING
IMPROVEMENT INTERVENTIONS
AMONG PIZZA DELIVERERS
In this volume, Timothy D. Ludwig and E. Scott Geller present a
systematic review of their research which reveals the components and
combinations of intervention techniques most likely to have salutary
impacts on safe driving behavior. Selecting pizza delivery drivers as
their target for the various interventions was no accident. As the au
thors are quick to point out, compared to other segments of the nation
al driving population, this occupational group is at greater risk of
being involved in unintentional car crashes that result in injuries to
themselves and others. In addition, they exhibit an important charac
teristic found in the geneticists’ favorite subject, the fruit fly. That is,
cohorts of them enter and leave employment with pizza delivery op
erations fast enough that the same pizza operations can serve as re
search sites several times per year! Among other things, this relatively
high rate of turnover among drivers permitted these researchers to
collect data concerning whether safe driving practices fostered by an
intervention with one cohort might be passed along as a “cultural
practice” to the next cohort of drivers. Of even greater importance to
scholars, researchers and practitioners concerned with identifying effi
cient and reliable means of promoting safer driving behavior among
high risk drivers, the authors present evidence in support of their
Multiple Intervention Level Model and Behavior Change Taxonomy.
These two ways of organizing extant evidence concerning the causes
and consequences of safety-related driving behavior provide a vantage
point on ways of designing better interventions than would arise from
a more haphazard approach. Together they help explain why and
under what conditions an intervention aimed at changing one target
(Haworth co-indexing entry note): “Preface.” Mawhinney, Thomas C. Co-published simultaneously in
Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (The Haworth Press, Inc.) Vbl. 19, No. 4, 2000, pp. xiii-xiv;
and: Intenening to Improve the Safety of Occupational Driving: A Behavior-Change Model and Review of
Empirical Evidence (Timothy D. Ludwig and E. Scott Geller) The Haworth Press. Inc., 2001, pp. xi-xii. Single
or multiple copies of this article are available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service
f I-800-342-9678, 9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. (EST). E-mail address: [email protected].
© 2001 by The Haworlli Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Xi
