Table Of ContentINTERNATIONAL STUDENT
RECRUITMENT AND MOBILITY
IN NON-ANGLOPHONE COUNTRIES
International Student Recruitment and Mobility in Non-Anglophone Countries offers a
detailed analysis of global dimensions and trends in international student mobility
and recruitment. It examines current data on student flows, policies and instru-
ments, obstacles and opportunities for recruitment, and the roles of multiple stake-
holders from different parts of the world.
Considering the current geopolitical developments and tensions, increased com-
petition for global talent, health and sustainability concerns, growing nationalism,
and other factors, non-Anglophone countries are likely to increase their recruit-
ment efforts moving forward. This book highlights the initiatives and instruments
of these countries to attract international students and build long-term internation-
alization strategies.
With case studies from Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and Latin America,
International Student Recruitment and Mobility in Non-Anglophone Countries is a must-
read text for international education policy advisors at the national and institutional
levels and in the international higher education industry around the globe.
Hans de Wit is professor emeritus, distinguished fellow, and former director of the
Center for International Higher Education, Boston College, United States.
Ekaterina Minaeva is an analyst at the Institute of Education, National Research
University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia.
Lizhou Wang is a doctoral student and research assistant at the Center for
International Higher Education, Boston College, United States.
INTERNATIONALIZATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION
This series addresses key themes in the development of internationalization within
Higher Education. Up to the minute and international in both appeal and scope,
books in the series focus on delivering contributions from a wide range of contexts
and provide both theoretical perspectives and practical examples. Written by some
of the leading experts in the field, they are vital guides that discuss and build upon
evidence-based practice and provide a clear evaluation of outcomes.
Series Editor: Elspeth Jones, Emerita Professor, Leeds Beckett University, UK
Educational Approaches to Internationalization through Intercultural
Dialogue
Reflections on Theory and Practice
Edited by Ulla Lundgren, Paloma Castro and Jane Woodin
Understanding Student Mobility in Europe
An Interdisciplinary Approach
Joana Almeida
Education Abroad
Bridging Scholarship and Practice
Edited by Anthony C. Ogden, Bernhard Streitwieser and Christof Van Mol
Digital Experiences of International Students
Challenging Assumptions and Rethinking Engagement
Edited by Shanton Chang and Catherine Gomes
Learner Relationships in Global Higher Education
A Critical Pedagogy for a Multicultural World
David Killick and Monika Foster
Reshaping International Teaching and Learning in Higher Education
Universities in the Information Age
Edited by Paul G. Nixon, Vanessa P. Dennen, and Rajash Rawal
Internationalising Programmes in Higher Education
An Educational Development Perspective
Edited by Jeanine Gregersen-Hermans and Karen M. Lauridsen
International Student Recruitment and Mobility in Non-Anglophone
Countries
Theories, Themes, and Patterns
Edited by Hans de Wit, Ekaterina Minaeva, and Lizhou Wang
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/
Internationalization-in-Higher-Education-Series/book-series/INTHE
INTERNATIONAL
STUDENT RECRUITMENT
AND MOBILITY IN
NON-ANGLOPHONE
COUNTRIES
Theories, Themes, and Patterns
Edited by Hans de Wit, Ekaterina Minaeva,
and Lizhou Wang
Cover image: Getty Images
First published 2022
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Hans de Wit, Ekaterina Minaeva, and Lizhou Wang;
individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Hans de Wit, Ekaterina Minaeva, and Lizhou Wang to be identified as the
authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been
asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Wit, Hans de, 1950- editor. | Minaeva, Ekaterina, editor. | Wang,
Lizhou, editor.
Title: International student recruitment and mobility in non-anglophone
countries : theories, themes, and patterns / Edited by Hans de Wit,
Ekaterina Minaeva, and Lizhou Wang.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2022. | Series:
Internationalization in higher education | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021041965 (print) | LCCN 2021041966 (ebook) | ISBN
9781032102344 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032109626 (paperback) | ISBN
9781003217923 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Students, Foreign--Recruiting--Cross-cultural studies. |
International education--Cross-cultural studies. | College
students--Recruiting--Cross-cultural studies.
Classification: LCC LB2376.4 .I58 2022 (print) | LCC LB2376.4 (ebook) |
DDC 371.826/91--dc23/eng/20211022
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021041965
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021041966
ISBN: 978-1-032-10234-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-10962-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-21792-3 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003217923
Typeset in Bembo
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
CONTENTS
List of illustrations viii
Foreword to the Series, Internationalization in Higher Education x
Preface xii
Acknowledgements xiv
List of acronyms xv
Contributors xviii
1 International student recruitment and mobility: Dominant themes
from literature and examples from key non-Anglophone countries 1
Lizhou Wang
2 National agencies and private actors in international student
recruitment 17
Ekaterina Minaeva, Lizhou Wang, and Hans de Wit
3 English as medium of instruction in non-Anglophone countries:
A global comparative analysis of policies, practices, and implications 32
Lisa Unangst, Philip G. Altbach, and Hans de Wit
PART 2
Europe 47
4 Destination France: Repositioning French higher education
in a globalized world 49
Ludovic Highman and Ariane de Gayardon
vi Contents
5 International student recruitment in Germany 68
Uwe Brandenburg
6 Attracting international students to the Netherlands 82
Floor van Donselaar, Margje Geurts, and Hendrik Jan Hobbes
7 International student recruitment in Romania 103
Cristina-Ramona Fit and Cezar Mihai Haj
8 International student recruitment and mobility in Russia:
Upgrading the post-Soviet model 119
Ekaterina Minaeva and Ivan Prostakov
9 Inbound international student mobility in
Turkish higher education 143
Hakan Ergin
PART 3
Asia 161
10 International education and international student recruitment in
China: Development and challenges 163
Wen Wen and Lizhou Wang
11 Changing context, changing strategies: Opportunities and
challenges in attracting international students to India 182
Eldho Mathews
12 International students in Japan: Changes and challenges 197
Futao Huang
13 The Korean case of international student recruitment:
Remarkable progress but internally flawed 216
Edward Choi
14 International students in Malaysian higher education 235
Doria Abdullah, Chang-Da Wan, and Morshidi Sirat
Contents vii
PART 4
Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East
and North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa 253
15 Twenty-five years of internationalization and international
student recruitment: The South African story 255
Nico Jooste
16 Trends, data, and dimensions of international student mobility
and recruitment in Latin America and the Caribbean;
the Middle East and North Africa; and sub-Saharan Africa 272
Hans de Wit and Nico Jooste
17 Recommendations on international student recruitment
and mobility for non-Anglophone countries 281
Hans de Wit, Ekaterina Minaeva, Lizhou Wang, and Isak Froumin
Index 299
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
1.1 Top host destinations 2019 5
1.2 Changes for 2019 top host countries 6
4.1 Number of foreign and internationally mobile students in
France, 2000–2019 51
4.2 Countries that are part of the Etudes en France scheme 56
5.1 Foreign students, Bildungsauslaender and Bildungsinlaender, since 2009 73
5.2 Bildungsauslaende in 2019 by region and top 20 countries of origin 74
6.1 Number of international degree students, 2006-2019 93
6.2 Gender of international degree students 94
6.3 Top 10 countries of origin 94
6.4 International degree students per field of study 95
6.5 International degree students per field of study 2019-2020 95
7.1 Evolution of the number of students, bachelor’s level, 2010–2018 104
7.2 International students enrolled in 1960–2009 111
8.1 Number of international students in Russia, 2013–2018 127
8.2 Distribution of international student flows by country of origin, 2018 128
8.3 Distribution of international students by field of study 128
9.1 Recent increase in the number of international students in Turkey 149
9.2 Top countries of origin of international students in Turkey 149
10.1 International Student Enrollments 2000-2018 171
12.1 Inbound international students in Japan 1983–2018 204
12.2 Inbound international students by educational level 1990–2018 205
12.3 Inbound international students by sector 1992–2018 206
12.4 International students by discipline 2002 and 2018 207
12.5 English-taught degree programs at the undergraduate
level by sector, 2012–2016 210
Illustrations ix
12.6 English-taught degree programs at
the graduate level by sector, 2012–2016 210
13.1 International enrollments against total enrollments in
Korea (1980–2019) 221
13.2 Korean outbound mobility of degree students, 2011–2017 223
14.1 International students in Malaysia 2003–2018 241
14.2 Top 10 sending countries 2008–2018 242
14.3 International students by level of study 2009–2017 243
14.4 International students at private HEIs 2009–2017 244
16.1 Sub-Saharan student mobility, 2014–2018 275
Tables
1.1 Definition by different data sources 3
1.2 The term “International Student” and various
representations in (inter) national statistics 4
1.3 Pull Factors 7
2.1 Selected national agencies for international education 18
4.1 Main scholarship programs for degree-seeking students 58
7.1 Top sending countries of international
degree-seeking students, 2018–2019 112
8.1 Top 10 Russian regions in terms of international
student recruitment, 2017 130
8.2 Activities and initiatives of the federal project “Education Export” 131
8.3 Suggested elements of the national strategy to improve the strategy
for international student mobility in Russia with regard to the
objectives of the federal project “Education Export” 134
10.1 Number of top 50/100/200/500 ranked (ARWU & QS)
world-class universities of Asian countries 175
11.1 Types of higher education institutions in India 183
11.2 Foreign students enrolled in Indian institutions from 2010
to 2019 for undergraduate, postgraduate, PhD, certificate,
and diploma programs 186
12.1 Inbound international students by country of origin 2003–2018 208
15.1 International students in South Africa 263
15.2 Student mobility to South Africa, 2011–2018 265
15.3 Top ten sending countries of students to South Africa 266
15.4 Students from non-English-speaking countries in South Africa 267
15.5 Classification of educational subject matter (CESM categories)
expressed as a percentage of all registered undergraduate
international students 268
15.6 Doctoral registrations 2014–2018, top 20 sending countries 269
17.1 SWOT analysis 282
17.2 Outbound mobility by World Bank Income Groups in 2018 290
