International Standards for Commercial Mediators (August 2015)

471 Pages·2016·3.29 MB·English

by  Christopher To

UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING

International Standards for Commercial Mediators

Christopher To

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

August 2015

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ABSTRACT
This paper talks about the international standards for commercial mediators. It
introduces the standards of eight different jurisdictions and afterwards, evaluates
whether there should be one accrediting standard for all international commercial
mediators.
In the introduction chapter, the paper talks about the problems with the current
legal system and then explains the growth of mediation in today’s society. By
discussing the nature and practice of mediation, whether mediation should be
compulsory or voluntary in light of Article 6 of the European Convention on
Human Rights, rationale of the various jurisdictions covered, the paper then talks
about the attributes that make a good mediator as well as the accreditation and
training of mediators.
From chapter two to chapter nine, the paper focuses on eight jurisdictions in
which mediation is firmly enshrined within one legal culture to those that are just
embarking on the concept (namely Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, Malaysia,
India, Hong Kong, California and Canada). Each chapter talks about the
developments of commercial mediation, law and institutions as well as training
and accreditation of mediators within their respective jurisdictions.

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In the concluding chapter, it discusses whether there should be one accrediting
standard for international commercial mediators by exploring the advantages and
disadvantages of having one accrediting standard as well as the author’s analysis
and point of view on the subject.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to the University of Stirling for assisting me with this thesis. The
administration staff of the University have been more than helpful to me and have
assisted me throughout my path of learning, for this I thank them.
I respectively thank and express my utmost gratitude to my Supervisors Professor
Davidson and Professor Clark for giving me their kind supervision and various
constructive comments as well as advice throughout this study. Without their
helpful guidance and support, I would not have been able to accomplish this
research. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank Ms. Carmen Liu, Mr.
Penny Lau, Ms. Kate Ng, Ms. Grendy Lam, Mr. Angus Ng, Mr. Kelvin Lee and
Ms. Mona Chang for their support in helping me finalise the paper from editing to
proof reading for this I thank them.
Finally I would like to express my appreciation to all Alternative Dispute
Resolution (ADR) practitioners who I have consulted, the list over the years grew
to an extent that it is not possible for me to include everyone’s name in this
acknowledgement, nevertheless their support and valuable guidance is greatly
appreciated.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... 5
LIST OF FIGURES AND DIAGRAMS ............................................................... 10
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. 11
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ 12
CHAPTER 1. MEDIATION IN TODAY’S SOCIETY ..................................... 15
1.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 15
1.2. PROBLEMS WITH THE CURRENT LEGAL SYSTEM .......... 23
1.3. NATURE AND PRACTICE OF MEDIATION ......................... 28
1.4. THE ROLE OF A MEDIATOR .................................................. 57
1.5. CHOOSING A MEDIATOR ....................................................... 63
1.6. TRAINING TO BECOME A MEDIATOR ................................ 65
1.7. ACCREDITATION OF MEDIATORS ....................................... 72
1.8. THE RATIONALE AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE VARIOUS
JURISDICTIONS COVERED .................................................... 91
CHAPTER 2. AUSTRALIA ............................................................................... 93
2.1. DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIATION IN AUSTRALIA ............. 93
2.2. ACCREDITATION ................................................................... 121
2.3. MEDIATION TRAINING ........................................................ 154
2.4. MEDIATION ETHICS AND RESPONSIBILITY ................... 175
2.5. THE WAY FORWARD ............................................................ 198
CHAPTER 3. NEW ZEALAND ...................................................................... 204
3.1. INTRODUCTION: DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS INSIDE AND
OUTSIDE THE COURTROOM IN NEW ZEALAND ............ 204
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3.2. AN OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND
APPLICATION OF MEDIATION IN NEW ZEALAND ........ 206
3.3. TRAINING OF MEDIATORS .................................................. 210
3.4. ACCREDITATION OF MEDIATORS ..................................... 212
3.5. CODE OF ETHICS FOR MEDIATORS .................................. 215
3.6. PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE WITHIN MEDIATION .... 217
3.7. THE NEED FOR A UNIFIED MEDIATION LAW ................. 220
3.8. CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 223
CHAPTER 4. INDONESIA .............................................................................. 225
4.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 225
4.2. MEDIATION IN INDONESIA ................................................. 226
4.3. A REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON MEDIATOR TRAINING
................................................................................................... 229
4.4. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIATOR
CREDENTIALING ................................................................... 237
4.5. MEDIATION TRAINING IN INDONESIA ............................ 242
4.6. MEDIATOR CREDENTIALING IN INDONESIA ................. 245
4.7. CHALLENGES OF MEDIATION TRAINING ....................... 247
4.8. CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 250
CHAPTER 5. MALAYSIA .............................................................................. 251
5.1. ATTITUDES TOWARDS MEDIATION ................................. 251
5.2. PRACTICE DIRECTION NO.5 OF 2010 ON MEDIATION .. 253
5.3. MEDIATION ACT 2012 ........................................................... 257
5.4. ACCREDITATION OF MEDIATORS ..................................... 259
5.5. MEDIATION TRAINING ........................................................ 265
5.6. CODE OF CONDUCT IN MEDIATION ................................. 267
5.7. DISCUSSION ............................................................................ 268
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5.8. CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 271
CHAPTER 6. INDIA ........................................................................................ 272
6.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 272
6.2. TRACING THE ORIGINS OF MEDIATION IN INDIA ........ 275
6.3. LEGAL FRAMEWORKS SUPPORTING ALTERNATIVE
DISPUTE RESOLUTION ......................................................... 277
6.4. THE RISE OF MEDIATION IN INDIA ................................... 280
6.5. TRAINING OF INDIAN MEDIATORS .................................. 282
6.6. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION
................................................................................................... 283
6.7. IIAM CERTIFICATION & ACCREDITATION SYSTEM ..... 287
6.8. PROCEDURES IN PLACE PROVIDING FOR CONSISTENT
QAP EVALUATIONS ............................................................. 292
6.9. GUIDELINES PROVIDED TO ASSESSORS FOR QAP
EVALUATIONS ....................................................................... 294
6.10. IIAM’S MEDIATORS’ CODE OF PROFESSIONAL
CONDUCT ................................................................................ 295
6.11. CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ............. 298
6.12. MEDIATION TRAINING MANUAL OF INDIA ................... 299
6.13. CONCLUDING REMARKS ..................................................... 302
CHAPTER 7. HONG KONG ........................................................................... 303
7.1. DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIATION IN HONG KONG .......... 303
7.2. INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICE DIRECTION 31 ............... 305
7.3. HONG KONG MEDIATION ACCREDITATION
ASSOCIATION LIMITED ...................................................... 306
7.4. HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION CENTRE
................................................................................................... 310
7.5. MEDIATOR’S ACCREDITATION ......................................... 311
7.6. CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ............. 312
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7.7. MEDIATOR’S CODE ............................................................... 313
7.8. MEDIATOR’S RESPONSIBILITIES ....................................... 315
7.9. MEDIATION SETTLEMENT .................................................. 318
7.10. VOLUNTARINESS IN MEDIATION ..................................... 319
7.11. CONFIDENTIALITY ............................................................... 320
7.12. FAIRNESS AND ACCOUNTABILITY ................................... 323
7.13. CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 325
CHAPTER 8. CALIFORNIA ........................................................................... 326
8.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 326
8.2. CURRENT TRAINING AND PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL
MEDIATORS IN CALIFORNIA ............................................. 328
8.3. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EXISTING LIBERAL
APPROACH .............................................................................. 336
8.4. A FLEXIBLE NATIONAL SYSTEM FOR TRAINING AND
ACCREDITATION WOULD BE BEST .................................. 343
8.5. CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 347
CHAPTER 9. CANADA .................................................................................. 348
9.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 348
9.2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................... 351
9.3. THE ACCREDITATION REGIME .......................................... 354
9.4. TRAINING OF COMMERCIAL MEDIATORS ...................... 361
9.5. EVALUATIONS ....................................................................... 364
9.6. CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 375
CHAPTER 10. IS THE TIME RIGHT TO BEGIN REGULATING
MEDIATORS? .......................................................................... 376
10.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 376
10.2. A QUESTION ARISES ............................................................. 378
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10.3. ACHIEVING DESIRED OUTCOMES .................................... 381
10.4. ETHICAL REASONS ............................................................... 385
10.5. REPUTATION OF MEDIATION ............................................. 386
10.6. ARGUMENTS FOR REGULATION ....................................... 389
10.7. ARGUMENT AGAINST REGULATION ............................... 395
10.8. AUTHOR’S ANALYSIS AND POINT OF VIEW .................. 407
10.9. ESTABLISHING AN ACCREDITATION STANDARD ........ 412
10.10. COMPETENCE ......................................................................... 418
10.11. WAY FORWARD ..................................................................... 421
ANNEX A ................................................................................................... 423
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 428

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LIST OF FIGURES AND DIAGRAMS
Figure 4.1 Flow of Civil Litigation in Indonesia
Figure 9.1 Suggested Learning Path Leading Towards a Certificate in
Mediation

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