International Migration Outlook : SOPEMI - 2006 Edition.

333 Pages·2006·10.57 MB·English

by  OECD

International Migration Outlook S
O
P
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M International
Previously published as Trends in International Migration I
2
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0 Migration
6
This first issue of the International Migration Outlook analyses recent trends in migration

movements and policies in all OECD countries. For the first time, it includes harmonised statistics
Outlook
on long-term international migration inflows for most OECD countries. The report highlights the
growing importance of immigrants from Russia, Ukraine, China and Latin America, as well as

increasing feminisation of the flows. It describes the importance of the immigrant population and
its contribution to human capital in receiving countries. The determinants of the employment
situation are also analysed, with a particular focus on recent measures to facilitate the integration

of immigrant women into the labour market.
This volume reflects the increasing interest of member countries in the recruitment of highly skilled
immigrants by selective policies as well as the recourse to temporary, often seasonal, low-skilled
immigrants. Special attention is paid to pinpointing policies aimed at improving the management of
migration flows and integration policies focusing on programmes for newcomers, from compulsory
language courses to job-oriented initiatives, and to the strengthening of anti-discrimination and
diversity measures. Developments in international co-operation for labour migration as well as
for better border control in the fight against irregular migration are also described, with a special
focus on the impact of the European Union enlargement on inflows of immigrant workers to OECD
countries.
The reader will also find in this publication:
• Two special chapters dealing with topical issues. The first addresses the management of
migration inflows through quotas and numerical limits, and evaluates the efficiency of such
tools. The second takes another look at the links between migration, remittances and the
economic development of sending countries.
• Country notes, under a new form for this edition, describing recent trends in migration
movements and policies, including re-designed standardised tables.
In
• A statistical annex containing the latest data on foreign and foreign-born populations, te
r
migration flows and naturalisations. n
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ISBN 92-64-03627-X -:HSTCQE=UX[W\\:
81 2006 04 1 P
SOPEMI 2006 SOPEMI 2006
812006041cov.indd 1 24-May-2006 10:09:57 AM

International Migration
Outlook
Annual Report
2006 Edition
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
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domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
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views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
Also available in French under the title:
Perspectives des migrations internationales
RAPPORT ANNUEL 2006
© OECD 2006
No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to
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ISBN 92-64-03627-X
International Migration Outlook
Sopemi 2006 Edition
© OECD 2006
Foreword
For the past thirty years, the OECD's Continuous Reporting System on Migration (known by its
French acronym SOPEMI) has been producing an annual report. In 1992, the report first appeared as
a flagship publication of the OECD, under the title Trends in International Migration. The thirtieth
report broadens its analytical scope and its new title, International Migration Outlook, better
reflects the growing importance of international migration in a context of accelerating economic
globalisation and population ageing.
The current report is divided into four parts and a statistical annex. Part I describes overall
trends in international migration. For the first time, the report presents harmonised statistics on
long-term international immigration flows for most OECD countries. It underlines the growing
importance of recent entries from Russia, the Ukraine, China and Latin America, as well as trends in
increasing feminisation of the flows. Family migration still dominates, while asylum requests
continue to decline. Meanwhile, migration for employment is on the increase. Immigrants present a
growing share of the labour force, but some have difficulties integrating into the labour market.
Particular attention is paid to the employment of immigrant women and the report proposes specific
measures to facilitate their integration into the labour market. Part I finishes with an overview of
migration policies, especially those which aim to regulate migration flows, assist immigrants to
integrate into host countries, and reinforce international co-operation between sending and receiving
countries.
Parts II and III are devoted to topical issues. The first addresses the question of the management
of migration inflows through quotas and numerical limits, and evaluates the efficiency of such tools.
The second analyses the links between migration, remittances and development. Part IV contains
re-designed country notes with new standardised tables describing recent developments in migration
movements and policies in OECD countries, and in some non-member countries. Finally, a statistical
annex presents the latest data on foreign and foreign-born populations, foreign workers, migration
flows and naturalisations.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2006 EDITION – ISBN 92-64-03627-X – © OECD 2006 3
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Part I
RECENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
A. Developments in Migration Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1. Towards harmonised statistics of long-term
migration flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2. International migration by country of origin and entry category . . . . . . . . 32
3. The immigrant population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4. The contribution of migration to human capital in receiving countries . . . . 47
B. Immigrants and the Labour Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1. The situation of foreigners and immigrants in OECD member country labour
markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2. Overview of the labour market integration of immigrant women on the labour
market in OECD countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
C. An Overview of Migration Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
1. Migration policy and labour market needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2. Enforcement strategies, security and the fight against irregular migration . . 86
3. Policies aiming at facilitating the integration of immigrants into the labour
market and society of receiving countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4. Migration, development and international co-operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Part II
MANAGING MIGRATION–ARE QUOTAS ANDNUMERICAL LIMITS THE SOLUTION?
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
1. Selecting immigrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2. Control over migration numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3. How much migration is subject to control and how much is relatively “free”? . . . . . 116
4. Managing migration through numerical limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5. Numerical limits and their management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Annex II.A1. Defining Discretionary and Non-discretionary Migration . . . . . . . . . . 127
Annex II.A2. National Examples of Numerical Limits or Targets andtheir Management. . 133
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2006 EDITION – ISBN 92-64-03627-X – © OECD 2006 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part III
INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT REMITTANCES ANDTHEIR ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
1. Migrant remittances: data and trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
2. Determinants of money remittances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3. The transfer channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4. The economic effects of money remittances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Part IV
RECENT CHANGES IN MIGRATION MOVEMENTS AND POLICIES
(COUNTRY NOTES)
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Luxembourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 NewZealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Romania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Slovak Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Turkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
How to read the Tables of Part IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
How to Read the Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
STATISTICAL ANNEX
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Inflows and Outflows of Foreign Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Inflows of Asylum Seekers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Stocks of Foreign and Foreign-born Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Acquisition of Nationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Inflows of Foreign Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Stocks of Foreign and Foreign-born Labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
List of SOPEMI Correspondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
List of OECD Secretariat Members Involved inthePreparation ofthis Report . . . . 329
6 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2006 EDITION – ISBN 92-64-03627-X – © OECD 2006
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Charts, Tables and Boxes
Part I
RECENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Charts
I.1. Inflows of foreign nationals as a percentage of the total population, selected
OECD countries, 2004, harmonised data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
I.2. International migration by category of entry, selected OECD countries, 2004,
harmonised data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
I.3. International tertiary students in OECD Europe and outside of Europe,
by country of origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
I.4. Stock of foreign and foreign-born populations in selected OECDcountries, 2004 . . 45
I.5. Participation rate by birth status in some OECD countries, 2003-2004 . . . . . . . 51
I.6. Unemployment rate of young workers (15-24) by birth status, 2003-2004. . . . . . . 55
I.7. Unemployment rate of older workers (55-64) by birth status, 2003-2004. . . . . . 55
I.8a. Share of temporary employment in total employment, by birth status, 2004. . . 59
I.8b. Share of part time jobs in total employment, by birth status, 2004. . . . . . . . . 59
I.9. Proportion of foreign and foreign-born in total unemployment, relative
to their share in the labour force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
I.10. Share of long-term unemployed in total unemployment, by birth status . . . . . . 61
I.11. Ratio of unemployment rate of foreign-born women to that of native-born
women (15-64), 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Tables
I.1. Inflows of foreign nationals, 2003-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
I.2. Ten top source countries for immigration, 2000and2004, OECDEuropeand
OECD outside of Europe, usually published statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
I.3. Inflows of asylum seekers in OECD countries, 2000-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
I.4. Total stock of international tertiary level students, 1998-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . 38
I.5. Entries of temporary workers in selected OECD countries by principal
categories, 1992, 2002-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
I.6. Estimates of the unauthorised immigrant population, selected OECD countries . . 46
I.7. Foreign-born persons with tertiary attainment in OECD countries, circa2000,
as a percentage of all residents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
I.8. Foreign and foreign-born labour force in selected OECD countries, 1999and2004 . 50
I.9. Employment change, total and foreign-born, 1994-2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
I.10. Employment and unemployment rates of native- and foreign-born populations
by level of education, 2003-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
I.11. Overqualification rates of the native- and foreign-born populations insome
OECD countries, 2003-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
I.12. Employment of foreign-born by sector, 2003-2004 average . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
I.13. Foreign-born in self-employment in some OECD countries, 1999and2004 . . . . 58
I.14. Employment and unemployment rates for foreign-born women (15-64),
by level of education, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
I.15. Percentage of women in highly skilled (HS) occupations, native- and
foreign-born (15-64), 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2006 EDITION – ISBN 92-64-03627-X – © OECD 2006 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.16. Percentage of women (15-64) in jobs for which they are overqualified, by birth
status, selected OECD countries, 2003-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
I.17. Female employment by occupation and birth status (15-64), 2003-2004,
data pooled over EUcountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
I.18. Female employment by sector and birth status (15-64), 2003-2004,
data pooled over EUcountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
I.19. Share of temporary and part-time employment in total employment,
by birth status, women (15-64), 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
I.20. Main regularisation programmes in selected OECD countries, by nationality. . . 82
I.21. Acquisition of nationality in selected OECD countries, numbersandpercentages . . 99
I.22. Inflows of citizens from 8new EU member states in some OECD countries,
2004-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Annexes
I.A1.1. Labour market situation of foreigners and nationals in selected OECD
countries, 1995, 2000 and2003-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
I.A1.2. Labour market situation of foreign- and native-born populations in selected
OECD countries, 1995, 2000and2003-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Boxes
I.1. New comparable statistics on inflows of foreign nationals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
I.2. Current estimates of the foreign-born population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
I.3. Migrant women into work: What are the best practices? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
I.4. European Commission guidelines on labour migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
I.5. EU Directives for migration policies on students and researchers . . . . . . . . . 80
I.6. Acquis communautaire and the harmonisation of migration policies
inthe new EU member countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
I.7. European Commission and integration policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
I.8. External relations of the European Union in the field of international migration . . 102
Part II
MANAGING MIGRATION–ARE QUOTAS ANDNUMERICAL LIMITS THE SOLUTION?
Tables
II.1. Inflows of permanent immigrants by entry category, selectedOECD
countries,2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
II.2. Inflows of permanent immigrants, selected OECD countries, 2003. . . . . . . . . 118
Annex
II.A2.1. Migration programme planning levels and outcomes, 2003-2004 . . . . . . . . 135
Boxes
II.1. Quotas, maxima, limits, caps and targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
II.2. Immigration limits in a context of strong labour demand–the case of Italy
and Spain (Einaudi2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
8 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2006 EDITION – ISBN 92-64-03627-X – © OECD 2006