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INTERNATIONAL HISTORY OF THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND
This hugely successful global history of the twentieth century is written by four
prominent international historians for first-year undergraduate level and upward.
Using their thematic and regional expertise, the authors have produced an
authoritative yet accessible and seamless account of the history of international
7 relations in the last century, covering events in Europe, Asia, the Middle East,
1 Africa and the Americas. They focus on the history of relations between states and
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2 on the broad ideological, economic and cultural forces that have influenced the
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r evolution of international politics over the past 100 years.
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u The third edition is thoroughly updated throughout to take account of the
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J most recent research and global developments, and includes a new chapter on the
0 international history of human rights and its advocacy organizations, including
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2 NGOs.
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5: Additional new features include:
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] a z new material on the Arab Spring and the Syria conflict
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t z increased debate on the question of US decline and the rise of China
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rs z a timeline to give increased context to those studying the topic for the first
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U z a fully revised companion website including links to further resources and self-
t testing material can be found at www.routledge.com/cw/best.
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st Antony Best is Associate Professor in International History at the London School
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a of Economics. Jussi M. Hanhimäki is Professor of International History and
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[ Politics at the Graduate Institute of International Studies and Development,
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b Geneva. Joseph A. Maiolo is Professor of International History at the Department
d of War Studies, King’s College London and Visiting Research Professor at the
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d Norwegian Defence Intelligence School, Oslo. Kirsten E. Schulze is Associate
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l Professor in International History at the London School of Economics.
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Praise for this edition:
‘Comprehensive and conceptually sophisticated, this history does more than
recount the events of the past century, it explains them lucidly and engages the
reader in crucial questions. There is no better guide to where we are and how we
got there. I wish I had been assigned a book as good as this when I was a student.’
Robert Jervis, Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics,
Columbia University
‘From the underlying causes of World War I to those behind the present decline
of American influence, this third edition of a recognized classic provides a
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1 thoughtful, coherent, challenging, up-to-date and increasingly comprehensive
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2 account of the international history of the twentieth century and the opening
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r decades of the present one. Caveat emptor: readers who dip in to learn something
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u specific about one of the many conflicts and relationships it covers will inevitably
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a be drawn into reading the entire chapter, if not the book.’
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0 Ned Lebow, Professor of International Political Theory,
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2 King’s College London
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0 ‘This book is an impressive work of historical synthesis: it is comprehensive,
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a sophisticated, and accessible. Students of History, International Relations, and
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y Political Science should have it in their basic library, while non-academic readers
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s will benefit from its overview of the revolutionary century that has passed, as a
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v prelude to living in the revolutionary decades ahead. Highly recommended.’
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U Ken Booth FBA, President of the David Davies Memorial
t Institute of International Affairs, and Senior Research Associate,
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c Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University
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a ‘Students love this textbook on the international history of the twentieth century;
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so do their teachers. This third edition is most welcome. We enjoy a main story
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y vividly and clearly told in chapters that also live their own independent lives. The
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d historiographical surveys are marvels of clarity and compactness, and the questions
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d that are addressed to the literature provide excellent pathways to further reading
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o and classroom discussions. For this third edition the authors have succeeded
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w admirably in bringing the book into the second decade of the twenty-first century.
o I am particularly pleased with the chapter on human rights, a topic for far too
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long neglected by most historians of international relations.’
Helge Pharo, Professor of International History, University of Oslo
INTERNATIONAL
hISTORY OF ThE
TWENTIETh CENTURY
AND BEYOND
THIRD EDITION
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y Kirsten E. Schulze
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First published 2004
Reprinted 2004, 2005 (twice), 2006, 2007 (three times)
Second edition published 2008
This edition published 2015
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
7 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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0 © 2004, 2008, 2015 Antony Best, Jussi M. Hanhimäki, Joseph A. Maiolo and
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y Kirsten E. Schulze
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u The rights of Antony Best, Jussi M. Hanhimäki, Joseph A. Maiolo and Kirsten E.
n Schulze to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in
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J accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
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3 1988.
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5 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
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5 in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
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t hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
] a storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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t Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
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r trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
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v to infringe.
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U British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
t A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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i Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
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s International history of the twentieth century and beyond / Antony Best,
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a Jussi M. Hanhimäki, Joseph A. Maiolo and Kirsten E. Schulze.—Third edition.
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pages cm
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y 1. World politics—20th century. 2. World politics—21st century.
b I. Best, Antony, 1964– editor of compilation. II. Hanhimäki, Jussi M.,
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e 1965– editor of compilation. III. Maiolo, Joseph A., editor of
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a compilation. IV. Schulze, Kirsten E., editor of compilation.
o D443.I57 2015
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w 909.82—dc23 2014024380
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D ISBN: 978-0-415-65641-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-415-65642-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-73971-7 (ebk)
Typeset in Adobe Garamonde and Parasine
by Keystroke, Station Road, Codsall, Wolverhampton
FOR OUR PARENTS
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CONTENTS
List of illustrations xv
Notes on authors xix
7 Acknowledgements xxi
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y List of abbreviations xxv
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ua Visual tour xxix
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0 INTRODUCTION 1
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2 The third edition 1
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0 Introduction to the twentieth century and beyond 3
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y 1. GREAT POWER RIVALRY AND THE WORLD WAR, 1900–17 6
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i The Great Powers, power politics and the states system 9
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U The long-term causes of the First World War 18
ht From one crisis to the next, 1905–13 23
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i 1914: decisions for war 26
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s The triple stalemate 28
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[ Recommended reading 32
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e 2. THE SEARCH FOR EUROPEAN STABILITY, 1917–29 35
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o Introduction 35
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o The armistice 41
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The Paris peace settlement 43
The Paris peace settlement in Central and Eastern Europe 48
The implementation of the peace 49
The Locarno era 53
Conclusion 57
Recommended reading 59
3. JAPAN, CHINA AND THE ORIGINS OF THE PACIFIC WAR, 1900–41 63
Introduction 63
The First World War in East Asia 64
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Contents
The Washington Conference 68
Chinese nationalism and the Northern Expedition 70
The Manchurian Crisis 72
Japan’s ‘Monroe Doctrine’ for East Asia 75
The Sino-Japanese War 77
Towards the Pacific War 79
Conclusion 82
Recommended reading 84
4. THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL EMPIRES, 1900–45 87
7 Introduction 87
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0 Empires and power 88
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y Ireland and the British Dominions 95
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0 Rationalization and resistance in South-East Asia 105
3 The colonial empires in Africa 107
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5 The Second World War and empire 109
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at Recommended reading 112
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si 5. THE ORIGINS OF THE ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT, 1900–48 115
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t Palestinian nationalism 119
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i The twice-promised land 120
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s The mandate and British policy 123
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d The 1948 war 134
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D 6. ‘GOOD NEIGHBORS’? THE UNITED STATES AND THE AMERICAS,
1900–45 143
Introduction 143
The Monroe Doctrine and the imperial thrust 145
The Spanish–American War 146
Theodore Roosevelt and the American Empire 148
Woodrow Wilson, the First World War and the Americas 149
Wilsonian visions defeated 152
From boom to bust 153
From gunboat diplomacy to the ‘Good Neighbor’ policy 154
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Contents
Pan-Americanism and the approach of war 158
The Second World War and the Monroe Doctrine 160
Conclusion 162
Recommended reading 163
7. THE PATH TO EUROPEAN WAR, 1930–39 165
Introduction 165
The dual crisis 166
The collapse of the Weimar Republic 169
Revolution and expansion 172
7 Diplomacy and deterrence 176
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t From European war to world war 201
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i 9. THE ‘FIRST’ COLD WAR IN EUROPE, 1945–61 229
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The German question 231
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d The United States, containment and Western Europe 238
e On every front 243
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o Stability and revolts 246
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o Culture and propaganda 252
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The Berlin Wall 254
Conclusion 256
Recommended reading 257
10. ASIA IN TURMOIL: NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION
AND THE RISE OF THE COLD WAR, 1945–53 261
Introduction 261
The end of the Raj 262
Nationalism and independence in South-East Asia 264
The Chinese Civil War 267
ix
