Table Of ContentInternational Handbook of
Traumatic
Stress Syndromes
the Plenum Series on Stress and Coping
Series Editor:
Donald Meichenbaum, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Editorial Board: Bruce P. Dohrenwend, Columbia University
Marianne Frankenhaeuser, University of Stockholm
Norman Garmezy, University of Minnesota
Mardi J. Horowitz, University of California Medical Schoo~
San Francisco
Richard S. Lazarus, University of California, Berkeley
Michael Rutter, University of London
Dennis C. Thrk, University of Pittsburgb
John P. Wilson, Cleveland State University
Camille Wortman, University of Mlcblgan
Current Volumes in tbe Series:
A CUNICAL GUIDE TO THE TREATMENT OF THE
HUMAN STRESS RESPONSE
George S. Everly, Jr.
COMBAT STRESS REACTION
The Enduring Toll of War
Zahava Solomon
COPING WITH NEGATIVE UFE EVENTS
Clinical and Social Psychological Perspectives
Edited by C. R. Snyder and Carol E. Ford
DYNAMICS OF STRESS
Physiological, Psychological, and Social Perspectives
Edited by Mortimer H. Appley and Richard Trumbull
HUMAN ADAPTATION TO EXTREME STRESS
From the Holocaust to Vietnam
Edited by John P. Wilson, Zev Harel, and Boaz Kahana
INFERTIU1Y
Perspectives from Stress and Coping Research
Edited by Annette L. Stanton and Christine Dunkel-Schetter
INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF TRAUMATIC STRESS SYNDROMES
Edited by John P. Wilson and Beverley Raphael
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
A Clinician's Guide
Kirtland C. Peterson, Maurice F. Prout, and Robert A. Schwarz
THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF COPING
Edited by John Eckenrode
STRESS BETWEEN WORK AND FAMILY
Edited by John Eckenrode and Susan Gore
THE UNNOTICED MAJORI1Y IN INPATIENT PSYCHIATRIC CARE
Charles A. Kiesler and Celeste G. Simpkins
WOMEN, WORK, AND HEALTH
Stress and Opportunities
Edited by Marianne Frankenhaeuser, Ulf Lundberg, and Margaret Chesney
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon
actual shipment. For further information please contact the pUblisher.
International Handbook of
Traumatic Stress
Syndromes
Edited by
John P. Wilson
Cleveland State University
Cleveland, Ohio
and
Beverley Raphael
University of Queensland
Herston, Australia
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Internat,onal handbook of trau_attc stress syndro.es ' edtted by John
P. Htlson and Beverley Raphael.
p. c •. -- (The Plenu. ser'es on stress and coptng)
Includes btbltographtcal references Ind ,ndex.
ISBN 978-1-4613-6219-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-2820-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3
1. Post-trau.attc stress d,sorder. 1. Wtlson. John P. (John
Preston) II. Raphael, Beverley. III. Ser,es.
[ONLM, 1. Stress Otsorders, Post-Trlu_at;c. HM 172 16053J
RC552.P67158 1993
616.85·21--dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Ltbrary of Congress 92-49117
CIP
109876 S 4 3 2
ISBN 978-14613-6219-7
C 1993 Springer Sciem:e+BusinelIII Media New YOlk
0rigiDa11y publiabrd by Plcnurn Pn:ss, New York in 1993
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1993
AUrights~
mar
No part of this book bc rcproduccd, ston:d In a retrieval systcm, or transmittcd
In any fonn ar by any means, dcctronic, mcchanical, photocopylng, mlcrofilmlng,
n:cordlng, or otherwisc, without wrIttcn pcrmIssion from thc Publlshcr
To our families
Cassie Rickarby
Matthew Wilson
Michael Wilson
Andrew Colwell
Rachel Colwell
And to the children of the future
Contributors
Inger Agger Leonard Bickman
Department of Social Studies and Department of Psychology and Human
Organization Development
Aalborg University George Peabody College of Vanderbilt
DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark University
Nashville, Tennessee 37203
David Alan Alexander
Department of Mental Health
Dora Black
University of Aberdeen Medical School,
Department of Child and Adolescent
Foresterhill
Psychiatry
Aberdeen AB 2ZD, Scotland
Royal Free Hospital
Pond Street
London NW3, England
Ofra Ayalon
School of Education
University of Haifa
Haifa 31999, Israel
Richard Douglas Blackwell
Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims
of Torture
Jorge Barros-Beck
96-98 Grafton Road
Centre Hospitalier Specialise
London NW5 3EJ, England
Rouffach 68250, France
Andrew Baum
Edward Blanchard
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Uniformed Services University of the Health
State University of New York at Albany
Sciences
Albany, New York 12222
Bethesda, Maryland 20814
P. Bell Arthur S. Blank, Jr.
Mater Infirmorum Hospital Readjustment Counseling Service (10B/RC)
Crumlin Road Department of Veterans Affairs
Belfast BT 14 6 AB, Northern Ireland Washington, DC 20420
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Bennett G. Braun Stephen R. Couch
Center on Psychiatric Trauma and Department of Sociology
Dissociation Pennsylvania State University
Rush Institute of Mental Well-Being Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania 17972-2208
Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical
Center
Mark Creamer
Chicago, lllinois 60612
Health Department Victoria, and
Department of Psychology
Joel Osler Brende University of Melbourne
Martin Army Community Hospital Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
Fort Benning, Georgia 31905;
Adult Outpatient Services
Marc-Antoine Crocq
The Bradley Center, Inc.
Centre Hospitalier Specialise
Columbus, Georgia 31907; and
Rouffach 68250, France
Department of Psychiatry
Mercer School of Medicine
Macon, Georgia 31206 Margaret Cunningham
Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation
of Torture and Trauma Survivors
Elizabeth A. Brett
28 Nelson Street
Department of Psychiatry
Fairfield, New South Wales 2165, Australia
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut 06511
Peter S. Curran
Mater Infirmorum Hospital
William Buckingham
Crumlin Road
Office of Psychiatric Services
Belfast BT 14 6 AB, Northern Ireland
Health Department
Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
Yael Danieli
Group Project for Holocaust Survivors and
Renate Gronvold Bugge
Their Children
Vest-Agder Sentralsykehus
345 East 80th Street, Apt. 31-J
4600 Kristiansand South, Norway
New York, New York 10021
Ann W. Burgess
Giovanni de Girolamo
Department of Psychiatric Mental Health
Division of Mental Health
Nursing
World Health Organization
University of Pennsylvania School of
1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
Nursing
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Jan H. M. de Groen
Department of Clinical Neurophysiology
Philip Burgess
University of Limburg School of Medicine
Psychiatric Epidemiology and Services
6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
Evaluation Unit
Health Department Victoria
Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Owen Dent
Department of Sociology
Australian National University
Ed Cairns
Acton 2601, Australia
Department of Psychology and Centre for
the Study of Conflict
University of Ulster Fabrice Duval
Coleraine, Londonderry BT52 1SA, Centre Hospitalier Specialise
Northern Ireland Rouffach 68250, France
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Atle Dyregrov Caroline Gorst-Unsworth
Center for Crisis Psychology The Medical Foundation for the Care of
Fabrikkgt 5 Victims of Torture
5037 Solheimsvik, Norway 96-98 Grafton Road
London NW5 3EJ, England
Leo Eitinger
b Ullern Terr. 67 Kerry Goulston
0380 Oslo 3, Norway Repatriation Hospital
Concord 2139, Australia
Liisa Eranen
Department of Social Psychology Mary C. Grace
University of Helsinki Traumatic Stress Study Center
SF-0010a Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychiatry
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0539
George S. Everly, Jr.
Health Psychology Laboratory, Loyola
College Arthur Green
Baltimore, Maryland, and Department of Psychiatry
Psychological Services and Behavioral Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital
Medicine New York, New York 10032
Homewood Hospital Center, The Johns
Hopkins Health System Bonnie 1. Green
204 Glenmore Avenue Department of Psychiatry
Catonsville, Maryland 21228 Georgetown University Hospital
Washington, DC 20007
Paul R. J. Falger
Department of Medical Psychology Zev Harel
University of Limburg School of Medicine Department of Social Work and Center on
6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands Applied Gerontological Research
Cleveland State University
Cleveland, Ohio 44115
Anthony Feinstein
Institute of Neurology and National
Hospital for Nervous Diseases Laurie Leydic Harkness
Queen Square Yale University
London WC1N 3BG, England Community Support Program and
Psychiatric Rehabilitation Program
Veterans Administration Medical Center
Matthew J. Friedman
West Haven, Connecticut 06516
National Center for PTSD
Veterans Administration Medical and
Regional Office Center Carol R. Hartman
White River Junction, Vermont 05009, and Department of Psychiatric Mental Health
Department of Psychiatry and Nursing
Pharmacology Boston College School of Nursing
Dartmouth Medical School Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
Jean Harris Hendriks
Rob Gordon Department of Child and Adolescent
Department of Psychology Psychiatry
Royal Children's Hospital Royal Free Hospital
Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Pond Street
Australia London NW3, England
x
CONTRIBUTORS
Judith Lewis Herman Toshiharu Iwadate
61 Roseland Street Department of Psychiatry
Somerville, Massachusetts 02143 School of Medicine, Tohoku University
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980, Japan
Are Holen
Department of Psychiatry
Tony Jaffa
University of Oslo
The Medical Foundation for the Care of
P.O. Box 85
Victims of Torture, London, and
Vinderen N-0319, Oslo 3, Norway
The Adolescent Community Team
32b York Road
David J de L Home Battersea, London SW11, England
Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Sciences
Block
Soren Buus Jensen
University of Melbourne
Center for Psychosocial and Traumatic
Victoria 3050, Australia
Stress
Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital
Mardi J. Horowitz Melleparkvej 10, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Psychiatry
University of California
San Francisco, California 94143 S. Janet Johnston
Dover Counselling Centre
9 Cambridge Terrace
Alexandra Hough
Dover CT16 1YZ, England
St. Thomas' Hospital, London, and
The Medical Foundation for the Care of
Victims of Torture
Marianne Juhler
96-98 Grafton Road
Rehabilitation and Research Center for
London NW5 3EJ, England
Torture Victims
Juliane Mariesvej 34
Johan E. Hovens 2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark
Department of Psychiatry
Saint Lucas Hospital
1061 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands Boaz Kahana
Department of Psychology and Center on
Applied Gerontological Research
Cao Hua Cleveland State University
Department of Psychiatry Cleveland, Ohio 44115
Flinders University of South Australia
Bedford Park
South Australia 5042, Australia Eva Kahana
Department of Sociology and Elderly Care
Research Center
Edna J. Hunter
Case Western Reserve University
3280 Trumbull Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44106
San Diego, California 92106
Arthur Hyatt-Williams Tony Kaplan
Scientific Research and Development Department of Child and Adolescent
Branch, Home Office, Research and Psychiatry
Planning Unit Royal Free Hospital
Queen Anne's Gate Pond Street
London SW1H 9AT, England London NW3, England
xi
CONTRIBUTORS
Terence M. Keane Anthony C. Leonard
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Traumatic Stress Study Center
Center Department of Psychiatry
Boston, Massachusetts 02130 University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0539
Brian Kelly
Department of Psychiatry
Patti Levin
Royal Brisbane Hospital
Trauma Clinic
University of Queensland
Massachusetts General Hospital, and
Herston 4029, Australia
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts 02114
J. David Kinzie
Department of Psychiatry
Karmela Liebkind
Oregon Health Sciences University
Department of Social Psychology
Portland, Oregon 97201-3098
University of Helsinki
SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland
J. Stephen Kroll-Smith
Department of Sociology
University of New Orleans Robert Jay Lifton
New Orleans, Louisiana 70148 Center on Violence
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
City University of New York
Henry Krystal
New York, New York 10019
Michigan Psychoanalytic Institute
26011 Evergreen Road, Suite 206
Southfield, Michigan 48076
Jacob D. Lindy
Department of Psychiatry and Traumatic
Richard A. Kulka Stress Study Center
National Opinion Research Center University of Cincinnati Medical School
1155 East 60th Street Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0539
Chicago, Illinois 60637
G. C. Loughrey
Rima E. Laibow Mater Infirmorum Hospital
TREAT Crumlin Road
13 Summit Terrace Belfast BT 146 AB, Northern Ireland
Dobbs Ferry, New York 10522
Tom Lundin
Louise J. Lasschuit
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Psychiatry
University Hospital
Saint Lucas Hospital
5-58185 Linkoping, Sweden
1061 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
Jean-Paul Macher
C. Shaffia Laue
Centre Hospitalier Specialise
346 Maine
Rouffach 68250, France
Lawrence, Kansas 66044
Robert Laufer Mona S. Macksoud
Late Professor of Sociology Project on Children and War
Brooklyn College of the City University of Center for the Study of Human Rights
New York Columbia University
Brooklyn, New York 11210 New York, New York 10027
