Table Of ContentSpringer Proceedings in Physics 172
Luciano Maiani
Said Abousahl
Wolfango Plastino E ditors
International Cooperation
for Enhancing Nuclear
Safety, Security, Safeguards
and Non-proliferation
Proceedings of the XIX Edoardo Amaldi
Conference, Accademia Nazionale dei
Lincei, Rome, Italy, March 30–31, 2015
Springer Proceedings in Physics
Volume 172
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/361
Luciano Maiani Said Abousahl
(cid:129)
Wolfango Plastino
Editors
International Cooperation
for Enhancing Nuclear
Safety, Security, Safeguards
and Non-proliferation
Proceedings of the XIX Edoardo Amaldi
Conference, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei,
–
Rome, Italy, March 30 31, 2015
123
Editors
Luciano Maiani WolfangoPlastino
Department ofPhysics Department ofMathematics andPhysics
Sapienza University of Rome RomaTre University
Rome Rome
Italy Italy
SaidAbousahl
European Commission
Directorate General JointResearch Centre
Brussels
Belgium
The European Commission’s support for the production of this publication does not
constituteendorsementofthecontentswhichreflecttheviewsonlyoftheauthors.Therefore,
the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein.
ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic)
SpringerProceedings in Physics
ISBN978-3-319-24320-7 ISBN978-3-319-24322-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24322-1
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Foreword I
Distinguished Delegates, Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen,
On behalf of the Accademia dei Lincei, it is my great pleasure to welcome you
alltothe19theditionoftheEdoardoAmaldiConferences.Iwouldliketobeginby
thanking the European Commission, co-organizer of this conference, in particular
the Joint Research Centre, and the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for granting
its patronage. I also wish to express my appreciation to our Academy fellow,
Luciano Maiani for the organization of this meeting, with the precious support of
Prof. Wolfango Plastino and all of the Organizing Committee. Lastly, my thanks
are due to the distinguished speakers who graciously accepted our invitation to
participate.
EdoardoAmaldiwasPresidentoftheAccademiadeiLinceifrom1988untilhis
deathon5December1989.Hediedunexpectedlywhilehewasatworkhereatthe
Academy; he had just delivered the welcome address at a Conference on the
developmentsinnuclearphysicsinItaly.TheAmaldiConferencesarenamedafter
him because he was to initiate, in 1984, a conference series on disarmament and
nuclear non-proliferation. Since then the Conferences’ attention has somewhat
shiftedfromnuclearthreattonuclearsafetyandtheprogressthathasbeenmadein
strengthening and maintaining nuclear safety and security, especially in terms of
non-proliferation.Infact,thiseditionoftheAmaldiConferencewillconcentrateon
the international cooperation to enhancing nuclear safety and security, and
non-proliferation. I am very pleased that this year’s programme includes not only
the participation of countries from past editions, Russia, USA and European
countries, but also China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan and Pakistan.
I am not an expert on the topic to be discussed today, therefore I will limit
myself to saying that although great progress has been made in nuclear threat
reduction, constant commitment and responsibility is required by all countries to
protect public health and minimize the harmful effects of nuclear activities on
society and on our environment.
v
vi ForewordI
Before I conclude, I would like to take this opportunity to express, on behalf
of the Accademia dei Lincei, my heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to Prof.
Edoardo Vesentini for his commitment and efforts to promote the Amaldi
Conferences for many years. Professor Vesentini has always recognized the
important contribution that the scientific community, including the science acade-
mies, could provide on questions ofinternational security.
I thank you for your attention and wish you an open and fruitful discussion, as
well as a very pleasant stay in Rome. I now pass the word to Luca Giansanti,
Director General for Political Affairs and Security of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs.
Lamberto Maffei
President of the Accademia Nazionale
dei Lincei
Foreword II
Presidents, Chairpersons, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen,
ItisanhonourtowelcomeyoutotheXIXEdoardoAmaldiConference,whichis
co-organized by the European Commission and supported by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
The close relationship between Science and International Security and the
contributionofscientiststothepeacefuldevelopmentofmankindisnotanewtopic
fortheAmaldiConference,beingpartofthemoralheritageoftheformerPresident
of the Accademia dei Lincei, Edoardo Amaldi.
Meetinggrowingenergydemandsandmitigatingclimatechangeareamongthe
main challenges of today. Projections for global installed nuclear power capacity
still indicate an increase by 2030, with different regional developments. Although
theseprojectionshavebeenloweredeveryyearsince2010,nuclearpowerremains
an important option for several countries.
How to reconcile the increase in nuclear power capacity with the imperative of
non-proliferation is the challenge we are going to face in the coming years.
The proliferation of nuclear weapons continues to represent a major threat to
internationalsecurity.Despitetheeffortsmadeandresultsachievedinrecentyears,
the existence of proliferation programmes and networks, the difficulty of securing
sensitivematerialsandtheriskthatterroristsmightgetaccesstothemremainmajor
challenges to cope with.
The IAEA’s system of safeguards is a fundamental component of the nuclear
non-proliferation regime and plays an indispensable role in the implementation
of the NPT.
Italy has firmly supported the continued evolution of safeguards as exemplified
by the development of the State-level Concept. Consistent and universal imple-
mentationoftheSLCwillfurtherstrengthentheefficiencyandeffectivenessofthe
IAEA Safeguards System, thus contributing to global non-proliferation efforts.
Moreover, Italy is convinced of the benefits of multilateral approaches to the
nuclear fuel cycle. We had hoped to see the IAEA LEU Bank already completed,
andlookforwardtotheearly conclusion oftheHostState Agreementbetween the
IAEA and Kazakhstan.
vii
viii ForewordII
TheNPTReviewConferenceisapproachingandweshouldredoubleourefforts
to achieve a successful outcome. The NPT is the cornerstone of the global nuclear
non-proliferationregime,thefoundationforthepursuitofnucleardisarmamentand
animportantelementinthefurtherdevelopmentofnuclearenergyapplicationsfor
peaceful purposes.
We want to reaffirm our commitment to create the conditions for a safer world
for all without nuclear weapons, in accordance with Article VI of the NPT. Any
further progressinthisfieldshouldbebasedonconsideringthethreepillarsofthe
NPT as mutually reinforcing. In this prospect we reaffirm our full support to the
implementation of the 2010 Action Plan which includes concrete steps on nuclear
disarmament, non-proliferation and peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
Italy is also fully committed to the entry into force of the Comprehensive
Test-Ban Treaty that would strengthen the international non-proliferation regime,
significantly contributing to the goal of a world without nuclear weapons.
In this regard, I particularly welcome the participation of the former Executive
Secretary of the Preparatory Commission, Ambassador Tibor Toth, whose leader-
ship has been transformational in making the CTBTO and its International
Monitoring System fundamental elements of the global Non-Proliferation Regime.
WithintheframeworkoftheConferenceonDisarmament,thenegotiationsona
treatybanningtheproductionoffissilematerialremainapriority.Thistreatywould
be crucial to foster both disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation. Italy is part
of the Group of Governmental Experts on an FMCT that will conclude its work
soon with the aim of revitalising the negotiations on this Treaty.
Taking into account the lessons of the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear accident,we
attach the utmost importance to the worldwide implementation and continuous
improvementofthehigheststandardsofnuclearsafety.In2014,theCouncilofthe
European Union adopted a renewed Directive to strengthen the safety framework
for nuclear installations. It sets the objective of preventing accidents and, should
they occur, mitigating the consequences and avoiding early and large radioactive
releases.
The Vienna Declaration on Nuclear Safety was recently adopted at the
DiplomaticConferenceoftheConventiononNuclearsafetyheldinFebruaryunder
the able chairmanship of Ambassador Rafael Grossi who is also attending this
Conference. ThisDeclarationisafurthermilestone intheprocessofstrengthening
nuclearsafetyinthewakeoftheFukushima-Daiichinuclearaccidentandcontainsa
seriesofprinciplestoguidecountriesintheimplementationoftheobjectivesofthe
Convention.
The Nuclear Security Summit process added a political dimension to the global
dialogue on nuclear security. It has fostered the concept of nuclear security as a
globalissuetobeaddressedonaglobalbasis.InWashingtontherewasagreement
on the need to face the challenges of nuclear security, especially the threat of
nuclearterrorism.InSeoulnewlinesofactionwereindicated.InTheHaguefurther
progress was achieved.
We have recognized that nuclear security is a shared objective, requiring sus-
tained and effective international cooperation. Therefore, each state is responsible
ForewordII ix
both for its domestic nuclear security regime and to others for effectively fulfilling
its national responsibilities. In The Hague we discussed how to carry the global
dialogueonnuclearsecurityforwardbeyondtheNSSprocess.Specialattentionwill
bepaidtothisissueatthe2016Summit,tobeheldintheUnitedStates.Therewill
surely be a need for many years to come for continued high-level dialogue on
improving nuclear security.
Increasingly, over the past few years, Italy has paid special attention to educa-
tion, training and institutional capacity building as essential elements for fostering
international peace and security. The International School on Nuclear Security,
established in 2010 with the IAEA and the International Centre for Theoretical
Physics (ICTP) in Trieste, will hold in 2015 its fifth annual training course. The
School is highly regarded by developing and emerging countries as it provides
professionals with knowledge of the international legal framework on nuclear
security, raising awareness on illicit trafficking in nuclear and other radioactive
material.
Educational efforts should lie at the root of any strategy, which aims at
strengthening a global response to WMD threats and preventing non-state actors
from gaining access to sensitive material and knowledge.
For this reason, we announced a high-level event entitled The Nuclear Security
Summit2016 and Beyond: theRole of Training and Support Centres, and Centres
of Excellence organized by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Italian
National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment in cooper-
ation with IAEA and the European Commission. The Event will take place in
Bologna, during 7–8 May 2015.
We will continue to allocate funds for safety and security in our national pro-
grammes for the decommissioning of nuclear plants and the management of
radioactive waste. As announced in The Hague, Italy and the United States of
America have jointly completed the removal of a significant amount of excess
highly enriched uranium and separated plutonium from Italy, and plan to continue
to work to eliminate additional stock of special nuclear material.
Presidents, Chairpersons,
Finally, I would like to pay tribute to you and to your staff for the excellent
organizationofthisConferenceandfortheexceptionallyhighlevelofthekeynote
speakers and panellists, who will provide us with abundant food for our thoughts.
I wish you an interactive and fruitful debate.
Luca Giansanti
Director General for Political Affairs and Security
of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
