Table Of ContentINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON RESIDUAL STRESSES
ICRS2
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Residual Stresses held
in Nancy, France, 23-25 November 1988 and organized by the Societe
Fran~aise de Metallurgie.
Organizing Committee
G. BECK, S. DENIS, A. SIMON (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Institut
National Poly technique de Lorraine, Nancy)
J. BOUVAIST (Pechiney, Voreppe)
J. F. FLAVENOT (Centre Technique des Industries Mecaniques, Senlis)
Y. FRANCHOT (Societe Franraise de Metallurgie, Paris)
M. JUUEN (Groupement pour I'Avancement des Methodes d'Analyse des Contraintes,
Lyon)
H. P. LIEURA~E (Institut de Recherche de la Siderugie, Saint-Germain)
G. MAEDER (Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts et Metiers, Paris)
P. PARNIERE (Renault, Paris)
Y. POURPRIX (Peugeot SA, MontMliard)
G. SLAMA (Framatome, Paris)
International Scientific Board
E. AERNOUDT (B) M. R. JAMES (USA)
G. BECK (F) K. H. KLoos (FRG)
J. BOUVAIST (F) E. MACHERAUCH (FRG)
T. ERICSSON (S) G. MAEDER (F)
A. J. FLETCHER (UK) J. MAZOUNAVE (CDN)
H. FUJIWARA (J) S. NAGISHIMA (J)
V. HAUK (FRG) B. RANIECKI (PL)
T. INOUE (J)
Conference Sponsors
Association Technique de Traitment Thermique (F)
Groupement pour l'Avancement de Methodes d'Analyse des Contraintes (F)
Deutsche Gesellschaft flir Metallkunde (FRG)
Deutscher Verband flir Materialpriifung (FRG)
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wlirmebehandlung und WerkstotItechnik (FRG)
ASM International (USA)
The Institute of Metals (UK)
The Metallurgical Society of AIME (USA)
The Society of Experimental Mechanics (USA)
American Electroplaters and Surface Finishers Society (USA)
The Japan Institute of Metals (J)
The Society of Materials Science (J)
The Beijing Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (PRC)
The Swedish Metallograpbic Society (S)
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON RESIDUAL STRESSES
ICRS2
Edited by
G. BECK
S. DENIS
and
A. SIMON
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
et Institut National Poly technique de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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© 1989 UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY-pp. 78-83,
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Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
International Conference on Residual Stresses (2nd:
1988: Nancy, France)
International Conference on Residual Stresses.
1. Materials. Residual stresses
I. Title II. Beck, G. (Gerard) III. Denis, S. IV.
Simon, A.
620.1'124
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7007-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1143-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1143-7
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v
Preface
Residual stresses are always introduced in materials when they are produced,
or when they undergo non-uniform plastic deformation during use. The
circumstances that can cause residual stresses are therefore numerous.
Residual stresses exist in all materials and, depending on their distribution, can
playa beneficial role (for example, compressive surface stress) or have a
catastrophic effect, especially on fatigue behaviour and corrosion properties.
The subject of residual stresses took form around 1970 with the development
of methods to measure macroscopic deformations during the machining of
materials or on an atomic scale by X-ray diffraction. These techniques have
made considerable progress in the last 20 years. The meetings organized in
several countries (Germany, France, Japan, etc.) have largely contributed to
this progress, aided by the numerous exchanges of information and knowledge
to which they have given rise. Studies of the formation of residual stresses
began more slowly, but have progressed with the emergence of increasingly
realistic models of materials behaviour and with access to ever more powerful
codes for numerical calculations. Two successive meetings for discussing this
topic have been held in Europe. The first, held in 1982 in Nancy (France),
consisted of 30 participants from 5 countries. The second was held in
Linkoping (Sweden) in 1984, with 80 participants of 16 nationalities.
It was decided to hold a first International Conference, ICRS, to address all
aspects of the problem. Held in 1986 in Garmisch-Partenkirschen (FRG), it
was an assembly of neady 300 participants from 21 countries. This conference
had a strong accent on problems concerning the formation of first-order
stresses and their measurement. It elevated the scientific community in this
domain to European stature, augmented by several representatives of the
United States and Japan. An International Scientific Committee has since been
created to assure continued exchanges. ICRS2, organized in Nancy in
November 1988, assembled close to 300 participants from 25 countries, who
have given a worldwide influence to the Conference.
The problems of internal stresses in materials are of great concern to the
producers and users of materials. ICRS3 will be held in 1990 in Tokushima
(Japan) and ICRS4 will be organized in the United States.
Reading the Proceedings of ICRS2 yields a very complete picture of the
vi
breadth of the subject, with 170 original articles. One finds here, along with
the in-depth results on first-order stresses in metallic materials, important
developments in the field of microscopic stresses. Microscopic stresses deter
mine the performance of metallic alloys and are of great concern in the study
of ceramics and composite materials.
The papers in this volume discuss the measurement and the formation of
internal stresses and their effects on the behaviour and use of high perfor
mance materials.
GERARD BECK
vii
Preface
Les contraintes nSsiduelles sont introduites dans les materiaux chaque fois
qu'en cours d'elaboration ou d'emploi, ils subissent une deformation plastique
non uniforme. Les circonstances susceptibles de les produire sont donc
nombreuses. Existant dans tous les materiaux elles peuvent, en fonction de
leur repartition, jouer un role benefique (contraintes de compression en
surface par exemple) ou avoir un effet qui peut etre catastrophique, notam
ment sur Ie comportement en fatigue et vis it vis de la corrosion.
Leur etude a pris de I'ampleur aux alentours de 1970 avec Ie deveioppement
des methodes de mesure des deformations macroscopiques lors de
l'enlevement de matiere ou it l'echelle du reseau cristallin par diffraction X.
Ces techniques ont fait des progres considerables au cours des 20 dernieres
annees. Les reunions organisees dans plusieurs pays (Allemagne, France,
Japon, etc.) ont largement contribue it ces progres, grace aux nombreux
echanges d'informations et de competences qu'elles ont suscite. Les etudes sur
la genese des contraintes, de leur cote, ont commence plus lentement mais ont
progresse avec d'une part l'emergence de modeles de comportement des
materiaux de plus en plus realistes et, d'autre part, avec l'acces it des codes de
caleul numerique de plus en plus puissants. Deux reunions successives pour en
discuter se sont tenues en Europe. La premiere it Nancy (France) a
rassemble, en 1982, 30 participants de 5 pays. La seconde s'est tenue it
Linkoping (Suede) en 1984, avec 80 participants de 16 nationalites.
II a ete alors decide de reunir une premiere Conference Internationale,
ICRS, qui aborderait tous les aspects du probleme. Reunie en 1986 it
Garmisch-Partenkirschen (RFA), elle a rassemble pres de 300 participants de
21 pays. Cette Conference a fortement mis l'accent sur les contraintes du
premier ordre, tant genese que methodes de mesure. Elle a permis it la
Communaute Scientifique dans ce domaine de se donner une stature
europeenne elargie it quelques representants des Etats-Unis et du Japon. Un
Comite Scientifique international a ete mis en place pour en assurer Ie suivi.
ICRS2, organisee it Nancy en novembre 1988, a rassemble egalement pres de
300 participants venant de 25 pays, qui ont donne un rayonnement mondial it
la Conference.
Le probleme des contraintes internes dans les materiaux a pris beaucoup de
viii
place dans I'esprit des concepteurs et des utilisateurs de materiaux. ICRS3
a
aura lieu en 1990 Tokushima (Japon) et ICRS4 sera pris en charge par les
Etats-Unis.
La lecture des Actes de ICRS2 procure un tour d'horizon tres complet du
sujet, avec ses 170 articles originaux. On y observe, a cOte de resultats sans
cesse approfondis sur les contraintes du premier ordre dans les materiaux
metalliques I'important developpement des recherches sur les contraintes
microscopiques, dont l'effet sur Ie comportement des alliages metalliques est
determinant, et qui concernent fortement les ceramiques et les materiaux
composites pour lesquels les contraintes ont un r(lle determinant.
Les articles de cet ouvrage concernent a la fois la mesure et la genese des
a
contraintes internes ainsi que leurs effets sur Ie comportement l'emploi des
materiaux de hautes performances mecaniques.
GERARD BECK
ix
Contents
Preface. v
Preface. vii
I. PLENARY PAPERS
Micromechanical approaches to modelling internal stresses 1
A. ZAOUI
Residual-stress effect on fracture strength of ceramics . 15
K. TANAKA, K. SUZUKI, Y. YAMAMOTO
X-ray stress determination in ceramics and ceramic-metal composites. 27
B. EIGENMANN, B. SCHOLTES, E. MACHERAUCH
D. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Ditl'raction, ultrasonic, magnetic and mechanical methods
An intelligent workstation for stress determination using X-ray diffraction 39
C. F. DEHAN, R. W. HENDRICKS, J. W. ROACH
Residual stress state after roll-peening of sintered Fe-Cu material 46
E. BROSZEIT, V. HAUK, R. OUDELHOVEN, H. STEINDORF
Internal strains in machined surfaces of strongly textured Ti-6Al-4V . 52
P. HOLDWAY, A. W. BOWEN
Residual stress profile from grain to grain in a welding zone . 58
H.-A. CROSTACK, W. REIMERS
Microstructural characterization of heat-treated cold worked steels and
fatigued shot-peened aluminium by X-ray diffraction profile analysis. 65
N. JI, J. L. LEBRUN, P. BELLIARD, B. BOURNIQUEL, G. MAEDER
x
Judgement of residual stress field uniformity when using the hole-drilling
method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71
G. S. SCHAJER
Effects of elastic anisotropy on the lattice strains in polycrystalline metals
and composites measured by neutron diffraction . . . . . . . . . .. 78
A. J. ALLEN, M. BOURKE, W. I. F. DAVID, S. DAWES,
M. T. HUTCHINGS, A. D. KRAWITZ, C. G. WINDSOR
Effect of partial crack surface contact on fatigue crack growth in residual
stress fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84
A. TODOROKI, H. KOBAYASHI, H. NAKUMURA
Variations in stress response curves of the Barkhausen noise method 90
R. H. RAUTIOAHO, L. P. KARJALAINEN, M. MOILANEN
Determination of residual stresses in a cold rolled aluminium strip by
means of a combination of chemical etching and shadow moire tech-
niques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96
I. MUNDER, G. KONIG, H. KOCKELMANN
Residual stress measurement on coatings and multilayer materials using
the step-by-step hole-drilling method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
J. Lu, J. F. FLAVENOT
Non-uniform residual stress determination by a laser method 110
G. NICOLETTO
X-ray stress measurement of very small areas on the metal/ceramics
joined interface (Abstract). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
K. OGUISO, Y. IWASAKI, S. ASANO
X-ray diffraction focusing circle errors for a PSPC based system . . . . 117
M. R. JAMES, E. B. S. PARDUE
Error analysis for X-ray stress measurement at the notch . . . . . . . 123
Y. H. Yu, D. Q. ZHANG, J. W. HE (Ho)
X-ray stress measurement with'll deviation ........... 130
J. B. LI, U. WOLFSTIEG
Improvement of the X-ray line profiles in order to determine residual
stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
A. PIANELLI
The effects of displacement of the sample surface from the focusing circle
on errors in residual stress determination by X-ray diffraction . . . . . 141
R. W. HENDRICKS, J. Jo
