International and internet child sexual abuse and exploitation

187 Pages·2017·1.87 MB·English

University of Huddersfield Repository
Gallagher, Bernard, Fraser, Claire, Christmann, Kris and Hodgson, Beth
International and internet child sexual abuse and exploitation
Original Citation
Gallagher, Bernard, Fraser, Claire, Christmann, Kris and Hodgson, Beth (2006) International and 
internet child sexual abuse and exploitation. Project Report. University of Huddersfield, 
Huddersfield, UK. 
This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/461/
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International and Internet
Child Sexual Abuse

and Exploitation
Research Report
By
Bernard Gallagher
Claire Fraser
Kris Christmann
Beth Hodgson
Centre for Applied Childhood Studies
Copyright © Bernard Gallagher
First published in 2006
Published by Bernard Gallagher: Centre for Applied Childhood Studies, Harold Wilson Building, University of
Huddersfield. HD1 3DH. England
Tel: [phone]
email: [email protected]
Printed by the University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, England. www.hud.ac.uk/
ISBN 186 218 061X
This report may be copied at will but must not be changed in any way.
International and Internet
Child Sexual Abuse

and Exploitation
Research Report
By
Bernard Gallagher
Claire Fraser
Kris Christmann
Beth Hodgson
Centre for Applied Childhood Studies
University of Huddersfield
The authors
Bernard Gallagher (B.Sc. MSc.) (Research Director)
is Senior Research Fellow in the Centre for Applied
Childhood Studies, where his special areas of interest are child protection and childcare. He is the director of this
study and has, in addition, directed studies into, among others, organised child sexual abuse, stranger abuse and
the attrition of cases of child abuse and neglect in the criminal justice system. Further details of his work can be
found at www.hud.ac.uk/hhs/research/acs/staff/bg.htm
Claire Fraser (B.Sc. M.Sc.)
has over six years experience of undertaking research for the academic, statutory
and voluntary sectors and is now working as an independent, freelance researcher. She has worked on a number
of projects in her positions as Research Fellow at the universities of Huddersfield and York, and the Nationwide
Children’s Research Centre. She has undertaken research with the NSPCC, local authorities, Children’s Fund
teams, paediatric oncology teams and a children’s cancer charity, specialist addiction services, police, probation,
HM Revenue and Customs and organisations representing survivors of child sexual abuse. She has a particular
interest in research regarding child protection, survivors of abuse, children, young people and families, and also
evaluation studies.
Kris Christmann (B.Sc. M.Sc.)
is a Research Fellow in the Centre for Applied Criminology and has been
carrying out work on short-term offenders and their re-settlement back into the community and desistance in
criminal careers, partly using survival analytic techniques. He has participated in a variety of projects concerning
situational crime prevention, and the present study, the first major UK study into how new technologies are
impacting upon child sexual abuse. In addition to criminology, his academic background is in philosophy, and
social and political thought, and he has further research interests in the policing of political protest and political
obligation.
Beth Hodgson (B.Sc. M.Sc.)
is currently employed as a Research Consultant for York Consulting Limited, a
firm of economic and management consultants based in Leeds. Previously, she worked as a Research Fellow for
the Applied Criminology Group at the University of Huddersfield and was involved in a number of research
projects funded by criminal justice agencies, and the Economic and Social Research Council. She is currently
undertaking a PhD at the University of Huddersfield, exploring the nature and extent of co-offending.
The Nuffield Foundation
‘The Nuffield Foundation is a charitable trust established by Lord Nuffield. Its widest charitable object is the
advancement of social well-being. The Foundation has a special programme of grant-making in Child Protection,
and Family Law and Justice, and has supported this project to stimulate public discussion and policy
development. The views expressed are, however, those of the authors and not necessarily those of the
Foundation.’
International and Internet CSA
“In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king”
Desiderius Erasmus (1466 - 1536)
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International and Internet CSA
Contents_______________________________________

page

Acknowledgements (iv)
Executive Summary (vii)
Background
Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Research aims 5

Chapter 3 Methodology 7
Findings
Chapter 4 Typology of international and Internet child sexual abuse 13
Chapter 5 International child sex abuse victims 15
Chapter 6 International child sex abusers 23
Chapter 7 International movement of child abuse images 29
Chapter 8 Internet-initiated grooming of children for sexual abuse 37

Chapter 9 Internet-initiated incitement or conspiracy to commit CSA 45
Chapter 10 Internet-based child abuse images 55
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International and Internet CSA
Recommendations

Chapter 11 Key policy and practice recommendations 65
Chapter 12 Further policy and practice recommendations 77
- International policy and practice
- National (UK) policy and practice
- Police
- Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC)
- Police and HMRC
- Industry
- Other agencies
Additional findings
Chapter 13 Broad policy and practice findings 105
Chapter 14 Other international and new technology-related sexual offences 127
Chapter 15 Future research 135
___________________________________________________________________________
References 141
Bibliography 147
Appendices
Appendix A Abbreviations and terminology 149
Appendix B Further information on the background to the research 153
Appendix C Further information on research methodology 157
Appendix D Internet CAIs - additional case study 165
Appendix E Policy and practice issues - CSA in general 169
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International and Internet CSA
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to all the individuals and organisations that participated
in this research, whether this was through granting access, completing questionnaires, participating in
interviews or allowing record searches. The information and views they provided form the bedrock of
this report. In the interests of confidentiality, individual participants are not named but we would,
however, like to acknowledge the organisations from which they were drawn. These were as follows:
All the police services of England

Avon and Somerset Constabulary Staffordshire police
Bedfordshire Police Suffolk Constabulary
Cambridgeshire Constabulary Surrey Police
Cheshire Constabulary Sussex Police
City of London Police Thames Valley Police
Cleveland Police Warwickshire Police
Cumbria Constabulary West Mercia Constabulary
Derbyshire Constabulary West Midlands Police
Devon and Cornwall Constabulary West Yorkshire Police
Dorset Police Wiltshire Constabulary
Durham Constabulary
Essex Police All the police services of Scotland
Gloucestershire Constabulary
Greater Manchester Police Central Scotland Police
Hampshire Constabulary Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary
Hertfordshire Constabulary Fife Constabulary
Humberside Police Grampian Police
Kent Police Lothian and Borders Police
Lancashire Constabulary Northern Constabulary
Leicestershire Constabulary Strathclyde Police
Lincolnshire Police Tayside Police
Merseyside Police
Metropolitan Police Service All the police services of Wales
Norfolk Constabulary
Northamptonshire Police Dyfed-Powys Police
Northumbria Police Gwent Police
North Yorkshire Police North Wales Police
Nottinghamshire Police South Wales Police
South Yorkshire Police
The Police Service of Northern Ireland
Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA)
AOL (UK) (America Online)
Childnet
CEOP (Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre)
COPINE (Combating Paedophile Information Networks in Europe)
ECPAT (UK) (End Child Prostitution, Pornography and Trafficking)
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (formerly Her Majesty’s Customs and Excise)
Home Office
Internet Watch Foundation
Interpol
National Crime Squad
National Criminal Intelligence Service
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International and Internet CSA
National High Tech Crime Unit
NSPCC (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children)
UNICEF (UK) (United Nations Children’s Fund)
World Vision
We would like to highlight the role of the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) and its lead
officer on child protection, Mr. Terry Grange, his staff officers, DI Mark Bleasdale and DI Lynn Rees,
along with the Association of Chief Police Officers in Scotland (ACPOS), without all of whose
support this research would not have been possible.
We wish to express our immense gratitude to all the members the advisory committee for the very
considerable assistance and support they gave to this project. They are as follows:
Ms. Chris Atkinson CEOP
DCI Stan Bates West Yorkshire Police
Ms. Chris Beddoe ECPAT UK
Ms. Cathy Cobley Cardiff University Law School
Ms. Gill Connors HM Revenue and Customs
Mr. Robin Cooper HM Revenue and Customs
Mr. David Ford Home Office
Mr. Mark Fuchter HM Revenue and Customs
Ms. Eleanor Groat CEOP
Dr. Zoe Hilton NSPCC
Det. Supt. Michael Hopwood (retd.) West Yorkshire Police
Chief Constable Carole Howlett Norfolk Constabulary
Assistant Chief Constable Stuart Hyde West Midlands Police
Det. Chief Supt. Sharon Lemon NHTCU
Prof. Allyson MacVean The John Grieve Centre for Policing and Community
Safety, London Metropolitan University
Mr. Peter Robbins Internet Watch Foundation
DI Ray Robins Metropolitan Police Services
Mr. Stephen Ruddell Home Office
Ms. Carron Somerset ECPAT UK
Det. Chief Supt. Peter Spindler Metropolitan Police Service
Mr. Mark Storti HM Revenue and Customs
DI Stuart Trail National Crime Squad
Mr. Colin Turner NSPCC
Mr. David Ware Home Office
Det. Supt. Jim Warnock POLIT (Paedophile On-line Investigation Team)
A number of other people very kindly read and made valuable comments upon drafts of this report.
These were:
Jenny Myers NSPCC
Kate Richardson CEOP
We would like to thank The Nuffield Foundation for funding this research and in particular Dr. Sharon
Witherspoon and Theresa O’Neill for all their assistance with this study over the past four years.
(Grant reference number: CPF/00201/G. The formal title of the research was: Improving Practice and
Policy in respect of International and Internet Cases of Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation (which
have a link to the UK).
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