Internal lower oxygen limits of apple fruit

403 Pages·2011·11.34 MB·English

by  Yearsley, Christopher William

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InterLnoawle Orx ygeLni miotfsA pplFer uit
A thesipsre sneteidnp atrailf ullfmeint
oft her equemiernts
fotrh ed egreoef
Docotro fP hilopshoy
inP laSnctin ece
at
MassUenyi vseiyrt
NewZ ealand
ChirspthoeWril almiY erasley
1996
01
11t� HtIf �
ad
'J:�:., 7iHt,1)� , &ti44aad rI�
t4-
iii
Abstract
Theo ptimautmm ohseeprf ro caor pw,it hrs epetcoot xy ge,ln eisj usabto vteh e
lwoeorx yglemini( tOL L)a,tw himcahix mumb enietifsnr le taitoonf riuqtu iatlayr e
acheiveadn d lwbo wehifcrhiu qtu aliicst oypm roismebdy f emrenttia.oI nnc otnrast
top rveiowuoskr ,L OLisn t hsitsu wdeyr ees mtaiteodnt hbeas iosfs teya-dastte
e
itnrenaaltm ohsepr(eOLsL 'assw) elalse xterantamlo seps(h LeOrsL)as itth ei s
inentralO 2p atrilpa reses urPa)c,lo seeq lutiirobi uwmit h ctyhsteoo tlh,ta
(PC)2'
meditasei mpotrapnth ysoigoilpcraolsc eessT.h es tutdeys wtehedt hLeOrL 'osf
'Cxo'Osra ngPei p'pa inn'dB raebuarplnpe'ws e raefe fctbeydt emrpaetuerlveea,t ed
CO2a,n pdh ysgicioalalog e.
Two toyfpLe OsL wse ried eindet:ti hfaen aoebricco mepnastion (pAoCiaPnnt)d
thfere mneattoint hersho(lFdT )A.C wPa sd esibceridn t eromfsp o ltosft hietn ernal
CO2 )v ersuitsnre nal anedx terna)lO 2a,n d int eromfsp o ltosf
(J2)J () (JJ()2
botahm easeuo rft hrese piraqtuooertny(it R iQ)aa nedt nhoa(lE tOcHon)c erntation
versPuOsza nPdC ') M2athetmiacsaollu tifooenrss t imAatCiaPnn gd basoendt he
RQi(aFT QR)a,n ads ttaist'iobcoatls tprraopc'ee s duutibralfeo ers ttiimanalgl
antdh iebri sa-ocrre9ct5e%cd o inefdnciene trvlasa,rd ee rsciebd.
ofp osltmicactefrriiuotcfb otchut liavrtse enddt oi necarsei gshltly
betewe0n° a n2d8 °aCn sdah rlpya t3 2°.eL OL'rsa ngbeedt we0e.n5 kPa and 2.2
kPpa() ;lev alufeoFsrTR Qa nFdT tEOtHne detdob eh gihetrhn af oArC PE'el.va ted
l
(0t o8k Paat 0 °a n2d0 °dCi)nd o sti gincniatfalfyf LeOcLts a t2 0C°,b ut
PC�02
inecarsienFsT RQ anFdT EOtHo cucrrfeodfr ri uattO °CA. s maldl ecreianOs2 e
upkteaa nRdQ iwilas m easufroefrdr i uitn2 t o8 Pc2oa t2 0°eN.oc ontseinst
chnagesi nL OL'wse roebe srvfeoder ti hecrui lvtairnr le attiopo hny siolaoggei cal
(rpelcmiatcecr,ci lmiacetriocrp, o slmtiactcefrriiuatct0 ° 2o0°rC ).
Inc ontrtaoAs tC p,Al C Yi necarsmeadr ekdlwyih tt emper,ra setuulretfirnogm
itdse peenncdoen b otshk ipne rmeaanncrdee i srptairoant( eb ootfwh h icchhna ge
'
witht iemf riuatr iens tor)a.Cgo enesqulenyut,es LofO Lsr,ta hetrhn a LOries s
reocmmeenddf oorpt imiastiomnsgpe hresb oftoshre alpeadck aagnecdson torllde
amtospehs etrogre,a mtion iemr siikso ff remetnaotni.
iv
Ackonwledgmeents
Myc heifs upieorsrvP,r eosfsNoireg Bla knsh abse neb otahni snipartiaonnd
freinda,n Ida mi dnebtteohd i fmo cro mpleotfti hotinehs s iIst .hn ak mcyo­
spuerivsoPrrseo,sf sEorrr Hoelwe tfto r ahdivsia cneDd r S iavG anefsohpr a tient
guidatnhcreo suttgsaiht ipcraollbe masn idtn ruocdimneg 'toboo tsptpri'an.Igt hank
PreosfsDoornC lenldwa how ilglligyna vheit sie mt oh elwpih tm atehmtaicisasule s.
Myc olalgeuaetHs o trResrhceh aave beeenn cuboroaitgnahgn pdat iednutnr gim y
abesncIet .h ank DWra ktCihn(rsCio srnl Ueln vieiryts,N ewY orwkh)o e nocuarged
met oe norlf otrh Pihs,D a nDdr N agiLna llufo ra lhleh atsa ugmheat b out
hotricuel,tth uefriirre nidpas nhsdu ppoIar mti .ne dbtteoHd o rtResearch
manamgeenDtr,Js a meMsc WhaJ,o hSnha wa nIdna F egrusfoontr h iehre lapn d
fnianclia assstniaceT.h anaklsst ooD rR oger Harckoelbrlo arofanoto rint he
'BrabeumB rowniDnigosr derre's eatrhtcwa has c onudctdeudnr git hceo suero ft he
PhD nbourtte protehdee rinIa. l so PtrheoasfnskAo rtrC ameraonnDd r R andy
BeaudorfMy i chainS gattUen vieirytsf otrh esiugrg etsions.
Generfoniuansci las pupotw rasr eecviefdr otmh Feo nudatoinf oSrci ence
Resehaa rncTde hcnoglyoa,n fdr oEmN ZAN ewZ eaaln(dn Itetrinoanwahlo)
awardmeetd h 1e9 93D onS inicRrle aseha rlFcelwoshiMpy.t hkansg ot o DJrosh n
Feil-dDodgsGoins,eA lhalo brnM,rH amiTsohu gahn Sdh yanHao ggeotfEt N ZA
NewZ eal(annItde troinnaaflo)tre h ihre lp.
Id eeplayp eprcaitteh aes issantcaen fdr nidsehiopf PtlheaSn cite nDceeap rtnmte.
staaftMf as seUyni evrtsyiM.y s niceet rhantkoPs r eosfsKoernM ilea nntdh oef fice
satfCfo,l leenH anloPna,mH owleH,le rKaen nedanyLd o iMsa th.e Mrany
colleaghuaveesa ssstiegdie,vn a divcaen edn curoagmeed, oanmbgo tahc aedmic
stfaa fnfdle olwp osrtagdusa.Itw eisha cktnool wedtghehe e lopfD rB enD adz,i e
SueN icholAsnonKnain, g s,l eDJyroa ntahnC utti,nJ gontahnaD ixoSnu,z ie
NewmaWni,r iApm puml,gn eM ertPse,tJ eeref rf,yC oilnT odCdh,r Riawsl sionn,
MiekC urriTeo,m R obteosrnC,r aMiogw atCtas,s aonA dmraranatneKd,a te
Maguei.rI na ddittoit ohnoa sboev eS,o hiaClh ouyd,Dr elwyCno okJena,eY onug
anAdl isdNaoibrwl ein lgllicyo nturtieabdsp anletilssI.h avel aernmtu cthh rough
thwee elkyFr iuti SecnGcreuo pa,n Cdo nrtloeld TeermaptLuarGbe ro umpe etings
antdh aanllkw hoc onbturtiteotd h eod siscussions.
v
I agmr autle Mftasos eUynv ieirtseyn geirnasen tdce hniiacnIsaP,na niteLre,o
BouletrJ,o hAnl egrB,r ucCeo lsla innJda rrHeardrg ianw hoh elpede qwuiitphm ent.
It hanks attfahfte Mtahses eUyn ievrysP iltaGnrto wUtnhi pta,ir ctulRaayr ly
Johnsoann,Sd h naeM ax tofhF eur iCtr oUpsn iftoc ro oslta ogrfeca iileisPte.t er
Cathcesir doef TrPiagcokinan ggge noeurssluyp pplliseatdfil icm D,a ivdF lemming
ofC armOerclh rada lleodmw et oh arvehsitfsr i ufto trh eex eprimeanntSdust a ratn d
LeselH iumhprtyou steh Ael egrnToruns Ptac khuose.
Ir seersvepeci atlh antkoms y f mailwyh oh avmea dseca riicffeosmr e t hroughout.
Ic anno etx rpesisnw ordtsha ntkoms yw iefK athnr,wy hosteoe lrasnputp ota rnd
encoaugmreenhtas m adoeu srt aiynP amlersNtoornta hne ncrhiinge reixepnce.
ThanTkism D,a ineli,s asnaAd n derwf oyro ur ahnetdlo tp h,ee xe tndefda imloyf
freinds mwahdote h set aiynP amlersNtootrnhs oe jnyoable.
vi
Tabloef C onetnst
Abstcrta. iii
...........................................................................................................
Acknowlemdengtes. . ... . . . iv
................ ....................... .......................................
Talbeo fC onten.t..s.... .......................................................................v..i.... . .....
lisotfT ables . . . . . xvii
............................. ..... .........................................................
lsito fF igeusr . . .x xi
............................................................................................
lsito fS ymb oiasn dA bberviantsi o . . .xxx
............................................... ..
Chpatre1 GenrealI nrtodcution
1.1B acrkogutnodp rjeoct. . 1
....................................................................................
1.2G enezreamdlo ideforlg aesx cnhgaien a ppl.es . ....4
.. ......... ............................ . ..
13. Optimiunmt eartnmaols pahneldr oewsoe xrgy elni mits .. . 7
............... ................
14. Reseaorjbcceht iavnesdst u rctuorfte h teh esis .. .10
............................................
1. 5R eefrences . .. . . . . .I 3
.............................................................................................
Chpatre 2
LtieruarteR eviwe
21. Itnroduct.i.on. . . . 14
..... .... ....................................................................................
2.2R esptiorrmaye tabo.l.ism . . . . . 15
.. ........................................................................
2..21I nrtoudctni o . . . . 15
....................... ................. ............................................
2..22A eriocrb epsirati.on . 17
....... ....................................................................
2.21. 2G.lyc.o.l.y..s...i.s. ........ . .
17
. ..... ... . ... .. .. . ......... .. .........................
2.2.2T.r2i caarcbiodxa yncltdyihe ccell eect trraonsnsy psotretm .
20
2.2.2C.y3a nider-er-sepS.i.irsa.tt.a.i.no.t.n. ...
23
.. ...... ...... ... ........ .......
2.2.2R.e4s piqruaott(oiRryeaQ n)ntt dhe eff eocrfte sd Ou2c ed
anedl evCOa2. t.e..d.. ....... ..............2.3
.. . .. ... . ............ . .... ...... . . .
22..2.R5e spirraaatntetdi he oeefn cf otrfse dOu2ca endd
elevCOa2o tnae edr roeb"ipc.i .r..a..t..i.o.n .2 5
. ... . .. .. .. .... .........
vii
Modeo fa ctioofrn e duceadn de levateodn
2.2.2.6 O2 CO2
aerobriecs piration .. 26
..............................................................
Effecotfr educeadn de levateodn g lycolaynsdi s
2.2.2.7 O2 CO2
TCAc ycle . 28
.............................................................................
2.32 .Anaerorbeiscp iration . . . 31
..........................................................................
Functoifao nna erobic raensdbp iiorcahteimoinc al
2.2.3.1
pathway.s . 32
...................................................................... ........
Regulaotfai noane robic r.espiration 34
2.2.3.2 ....................................
Responosfce rso ptosm etaboolfia tnease robic
2.2.3.3
respira.t..i...on. ... .. .. 36
.. . ... .................. ...................................... .
2.2.R4e psiartnir oatoefcs or pasn dc hnagewsit hp hyisogliocaagle 38
.............
23. Aerocb-ianraoebriecsr paitotrrnyasi tni o . . .. ..14
.....................................................
2.3.I1n tdruociton. .... 41
.......................................................................................
2.3.E2x itnicotpno ionfat n aerroebsipc iratio.n.. . .41
.........................................
23..3A naerocboimecpn satpiooinn t .42
.............................................................
2.43 .Effeocftt e mpaeteruo rnL OLs . .44
............................................................
2.3.E5f feocfet el vated onL OLs .. .45
CO2 .........................................................
23..6E ffeocfpt h syiogliocaagloe nL OLs ... .64
.................................................
24. Effeocfdt esc reasaendde e lvated one thlnyeeb isoynetshis
O2 C02
anda ctino 47
.................................................................................................... .......
2.5G ase xcnhgaeo fb uylp klnato rgans . .94
................................................................
2.15 .Intdruocnt io ... .. . ........ .. . .49
.......................................... .. . . . ...........................
2.5.L2a wosfg adsi ffusi..on .. . ... ... 50
........................................ ..........................
2.35 .Thes kiansa b arrtioge ards i ffuasnidpo atnh,w afyosgr a s
excahnge .. ... . ... 53
.......................................................................................
Thes trucotftu hrseek i.n .. 54
2.5.3.1 ......................................................
Permeaonftc hese k itnog ases 55
2.5.3.2 ...............................................
Routfeosgr a se xchatnhgreo utghshek in 56
2.5.3.3 .............................
2.45 .Gasd ifsfiuoinnf riuftl esh . . 58
....................................................................
2.6R eferen.c.es. . .. .. .. . . 61
......................... ....................................................................
viii
Chatper GeneraMla teirlasa ndM ethods
3
31. Inrtoudcotni 77
......................................................................................................
3.2F rusiutp palneydt hyplerertnaeet mse nt . . .. .7.7
..................... .... ... ..........................
3 Furistu pp.l.y . . . ... . . . 77
. ........................................... ................. ....................
3 Ethyelp eertneramtent. ... .. . ..... 78
... .... ............................ ........ ... ..................
3.3C onotllretde mperfaurtisutotrar eg e ... .. ... 78
............. ........ ........ .............................
3..31T emperema otnutrionrgi. . .. ... .79
................ ............................................. ...
3.3.R2ea ltvieh uimdyim tontiori.ng. .. ... . . . .80
.. ........ ... . .... .. ........ .... .....................
3.4G asm ixgi,cn otnorldla etmoesrpsehy staenmtd r meeantts .. . 82
...........................
3 Gasn ilixn.g. ...... .. ......... . . ... 82
.. ..... ........... .. ............ ... ...... ................... .. .......
3 Conotlrdla etmoeserps hsytem .. ...... . . . 84
......... . ............ .... ..........................
3..43C onotlerlda tmosept ehraetrnmtes. ... ... . . 84
.... . . ........ ..... .............................
35. Measruemeonfit ne trnaatlm osepsh. .e.r.. . .. ....... . 85
.... .. . ......... ..... ........ .. ................
3.15 .Surfacchema bre.s .. .. ..... . .85
.......... ..................... ... ........ . ............................
Gast ightonfse usrsf ace ..................................8... 6..
3.5.1.1
Equiliborfsa utrifocanhc aem bertshi etnt eorn al
3.5.1.2
atmpohseorefa plpe.s . . . .. 87
. ............................... ........ ..............
Result.s. . ......... . . 88
35..1.3 ........ . ................. ...... . ........ ............. ....... ........
3 Dircetsm apilnfgor mt ehc orcea vi.t..y.. .. .... . 99
... . . . ........... .. ........... ..........
37. Mesauredv raibalse .. ....... . .. . . ....99
..... .......... . .... . . . ................................. ...... .....
37..1 Gasa nalysis. . .. .. ..... . . ... 100
.............. ............ ... ..... ................. ...... .... ........... .
3..72C ailrbaitosntn adrads ... . . . . . . 101
............ . ................... ..................................
CO2a nd standa.rds. .. . . . 101
37.2..1 . .............. ... ...............................
Ethvl(eC2nH4e)a n de tha(nCe2() H standa.r.d..s ..120
3.7.2.2 .. ......... . .
Ethanaocle,t aldcethhvavdclee ,t aantdee t hylene
37..2.3
analv.s..is.. ........ . . ...120
. ....... . ................ ............................. ........
37..3C onevrsoifou nn iftoasrm uontosfg aisn s amlpes . 150
............................
Calculoafct ioonnc entroa/t,idoinsss oiinv ed
37..3.2 02
equiliwbirtiphua mr tpiraels soufrO e2s 160
...........................
Convermtoilfnerg a ocnttsio c ocnenatitrons . 10 7
37..2.3 ............ .........
Ratoefst ransoffpe hrv sig%icgaals .es. . . 107
3.7.4 ....... ..................
Ix
Raotrfee spiration
.
3.2 .4 .1 ........ ................................................... 107
Ethyprloednuerc attieo .n .
3.7 4.. 2 ................................................1 10
3..75E stimatfuirinstgk ipnem reantcoge a ses
..........................................l ll
Permeteaotn hcae ne
.. . 1 1 1
3.7.5.1 .. . ..................................................
PermetCaoOn 2ac neOd2 . . 121
37.5 .. 2 ..... ..... ....................................
3.8M easuorfoe tsh feurria tt tribu.tes 131
........ ........................................................
3..8I Frutiits fsiunreem ss 131
.........................................................................
3..82 Frutiotts aoll usbloliecd osn t.e nt . 141
.....................................................
3.8.S3t aricnhd. e.x. ... . . . . .. .. . 141
.... ..... ... .. ................. .... ........... . .......................
38..4F rubiatcg krnodus kicno lro u . .141
........................................................ ..
3.8.F5r usiutar cfaer e.a. ..... .. . .... 151
... .. .... .. .. ..... .. ....... ....... ..............................
38..6C ortitciaslps oureo asniddte yn si.ty. . 151
..... ..........................................
3.9D isciuosns . 161
........... .......................................................................................
31.0R eferceens. ..... .. .... . . 122
.... .... .. .......... ...... .. ............ .............................................
Chpatre 4
DeteirmntaioonfL oweOrx ygeLni imtfso r
ApplFeru it
4.1 Abtsract 152
......................................................................................................
4.2I tnrotdiuocn . . .. 162
.................... ......... ................................................................
4.3T hoeretbiackcaglrn od.u.. ..................... ....................................................... 128
4.4M ateriamles tahnod.d s.. ..... .. ... . . 123
.... ... . . ...... .... ....... .......................... ..............
4.14 .Frusiutp p.l.y. . ..... .. .. .. .123
. ........ ........... . ................ ........ ................ .. .......
4.4.C2A t reatm.e.nt.s .. . 123
... ................ . ........................................................
4.4.G3a mse asuremenatnla yasnid.s . ...... 133
........ .... ... ..... .............................
4.4.R4e spirateitohny lpaernnodced t uiroant. e..s . 143
... .................................
4.45. Skinp ermnecae . .. . 143
............................................................................
4.4.T6i sspuoeri otasyn cdo rttiicsadsleu inets .y. . . . 153
. .. ......................... .......
4.4.E7x piemreanldt esiagnnad n asliys .. 163
................. ..................................
4.5R esul.ts. . .. ... .. ... 173
. ....... ......... ..... . ........ . .........................................................
4..51P o�a saf nuctioofp�n a npd� .. ...................................................... 173
2 2 2