Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice: v. 1

587 Pages·1985·33.117 MB·English

by  Charles Fayette Taylor

The Internal-CombEunsgtiinoen
inT heorya ndP ractice
VolumeI ThermodynamFilcusi,Fd l owP,e rformance
CHAPTER IntroductSiyomnb,o lsU,n itsD,e finitions
2 AirC ycles
3 ThermodynamiocfAs c tuaWlo rkinFgl uids
4 Fuel-ACiyrc les
5 TheA ctuaCly cle
6 AirC apaciotfyF our-StrEonkgei nes
7 Two-StroEkneg ines
8 HeatL osses
9 FrictiLounb,r icatiaonndW, e ar
10 CompressoErxsh,a usTtu rbineHse,a tE xchangers
11 InfluencoefC ylindSeirz oen EnginPee rformance
12 TheP erformanocfeU nsupercharEgnegdi nes
13S upercharEgnegdi neasn dT heiPre rformance
V olumIeI C ombustiFoune,l Msa,t eriaDless,i gn
CHAPTER1 CombustiionnS park-IgniEtnigoinn eIs:N ormalC ombustion
2 CombustiionnS park-IgniEtnigoinn eIsI :D etonatiaondn
Preignition
3 CombustiionnD ieseEln gines
4 Fuelfso rI nternal-CombuEsntgiionne s
5 MixturRee quirements
6 CarbureDtoesri gn andE missionCso ntrol
7 FuelI njection
8 EnginBea lancaen dV ibration
9 EnginMea terials
10 EnginDee sigIn: P reliminAanrayl ysiCsy,l indNeurm ber,S izea,n d
Arrangement
11 EnginDee sigInI :D etaiDle sigPnr ocedurPeo,w er-SectDieosni gn
12 EnginDee sigInI IV:a lveasn dV alvGee ara ndA uxiliaSryys tems
13F uturoef t heI nternal-CombuEsntgiionneC .o mparisowni thO ther
Prime Movers
14 EngineR esearcahn d TestinEgq uipment-Measurements-Safety
TheI nternal-Combustion Engine
inT heorayn dP ractice
VolumeI: T hermodynamiFclsu,iF dl owP,e rformance
SeconEdd itioRne,v ised
byC harlFeasy etTtaey lor
ProfessoofAr u tomotiEvneg ineerEimnegr,i tus
MassachusIentsttsi touftT ee chnology
THE M.I.T.P RESS
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MassachuIsnestttiostfT u etceh nology
CambriMdagses,a chuasnedLt otnsd,oE nn,g land
Copyrig©h 1t9 6a0n d1 96a6n dn ewm ateri©a 1l9 8b5y T heM assachusIentsttsi tute
ofT echnology
Allr ighrtess ervNeod .p arotf t hibso okm ayb er eproducienad n yf ormb ya ny
electroonrmi ecc hanicmaela ns( includpihnogt ocopyriencgo,r dionrgi ,n formation
storaagned r etriewviatlh)o puetr missiinow nr itifnrgo mt hep ublisher.
Printeadn db ounidn t heU nitSetda toefAs me rica.
FirsMtI T Prespsa perbaecdki ti1o9n7, 7
Seconedd itiroenv.i se1d9.8 5
LibroafCr oyn gCraetsasl ionPug bilnigc Daattiao n
TayloCrh,a rlFeasy ett1e8,9 4-
Thei nternal-combuesntgiioninent heorayn dp ractice.
Bibliogravp.hI y,p: .
Includiensd ex.
Contentvs.I: . T hermodynamiflcusifl,do w,
performance.
I.I nternal-combuesntgiionneI s.T. i tle.
TJ785.T1398825 6 21.4834 -28885
ISBN9 78-0-262-2(h0c0:.a5 l1k-p.6a per)-978-0-262(-p7h0:.a0 l2k6p.-a 9p er)
20 19 18 17 16 15 14
Preface
Whent hea uthourn dertotohket asokf t eachiinntg h efi elodf i nternal­
combusteinogni naetst heM assachusIentsttsi toufTt eec hnoloigtwy a,s
evidetnhta cto mmercial devehlaodpb meeennlt a rgely empainrdi cal
thaat r atioqnuaaln titabtaisvifeso dre sigann,df ort hea nalyosfip se r­
formancwea,sa lmosetn tirlealcyk iInnga .n a ttemptotfi ltlh igsa pt,h e
SloaLna boratofroiArei sr craanfdtA utomotiEvneg inweesr ees tablished
in1 929a tt heM assachusetts IonfTs etcihtnuotleo lgayr,g etlhyr ough
theg enerosoifMt ry. A lfrPe.dS loaJnr,,. a ndt heu ntiring entohfu siasm
thel ate SamSu.Se tlr atttohne,nP resident of MIT.
Thei ntervenyienagrh sa veb eens penitn r esearicnht toh eb ehavior
ofi nternal-combeunsgtiinaoennsd h owt oc ontriotlA. largaem ount
oft hel aboratwoorrykh asb eend oneb ys tudenatssp arotf t heirre ­
quiremefnotrgs r aduatiOotnh.ep ra rthsa veb eend oneb yt het eaching
staffa ndt hep rofessiloanbaolr atsotraywff i thf unds provbiygd oevd­
ernmenotrb yi ndustry.
Ther esulotfts h iwso rkt,r anslaittie sdh ,o pedi,n tcoo nvenifeonrtm
forp ractiucsaeil n e ngindee sigann dr esearicsht ,h es ubjeocftt hese
twov olumes.
Gratefauclk nowledgimsem natd et oa ltlh osweh oi nv ariocuasp acist ie
-studenttse,a chisntga fft,e chnisctaalff a,n ds taffe ngineers-have
contribubtyte hde ilra boratwoorryk t,h eiwrr itinagnsdt, h eicrr iticism.
v
vi PREFACE
Speciaaclk nowledgmaenndtt h ankasr ed uet oP rofesEs.oS r. T aylor,
Directooftr heG asT urbinLea boratoartMy I T andl onag colleague
int hew orko ft heS loaAnu tomotiLvaeb oratorainedts ,oP rofessors
A.R .R ogowsaknid T .Y .T oonogf t heS loaLna boratotreiaecsh isntga ff.
Thea uthowri lble g ratetfour le adewrhso n otihfiym o fe rrotrhsa t
diligpernoto freamdaiynh ga vel efutn discovered.
C.F AYETTTEA YLOR
Ca mbriMdagses,a chusetts
Novemb1e9r7 6
PreftaoSc eec oEnddi tRieovni,s ed
Sincteh ep ublicaotfit ohniv so lumien 1 96t6h erhea veb eenn od evel­
opmenttsh arte quicrhea ngeisnt heb asipcr incipalnedrs e lationships
discusisnet dh ivso lumeN.e ithhearv et herbee ena nyi mportacnotm ­
petittoort sh ec onventiroencailp rocianttienrgn al-comebnugsitnfieoo rn
lanadn ds eat ransportaantdif oonrm osto thepru rposeexsc epati rcraft,
nuclear-povweesrseedal nsd,l argeel ectgreince ratsitnagt ioTnhset. o tal
instalploewde orf r eciprocianttienrgn al-comebnugsitniseotsni e lxlc eeds
thaotf a lolt hepro wesro urcceosm binbeyda tl easotn eo rdeorfm agni­
tude( sepe. 5 ).
On theo thehra ndt,h erhea veb eent woi mportacnhta ngiense mpha­
siso,n et owaridm provfeude elc onomayn dt heo thetro warrde ducaeidr
pollutbiyoe nn gineex haugsats es.
Thep etrolecurmi soifts h e1 970csa usetdh ei ncreaesmepdh asoinsf uel
economeys,p eciialntl hyec asoef r oadve hicalnedsl argmea rinDei esel
enginIenst .h ec asoef p assencgaerrst ,h eg reatgeasitn hsa veb eenm ade
byr educitnhges izwee,i ghatn,d a irre sistoafnt cheev ehictlheesm selves
andb yr educienngg insei zaec cordinTghliysc. h angpel,u wsi der-range
transmissainodrn esd ucreadt ioofm aximume nginpeo wetro c arw eight
allorwo aodp erattioot na kpel acnee arteort hee nginaer'esoa f b esftu el
economy.
Increaisnef su eelc onomoyf s park-igneintgiionnhe asv eb eena ccom­
plishcehdi efltyh rouigmhp rovseyds teomfsc ontrooffl u el-raaitrif ou,e l
distribuatnidso pna,r tki minIgn.t hec asoef D ieseenlg inseusp,e rcharg­
ingt oh ighemre ane ffectipvree ssuraensdi, n m anyc aserse ductiino n
ratepdi stosnp eedh,a vea chievneodt abilmep rovemeinnte sffi ciency.
Int heo themra jocrh angiene mphassiisn cteh e1 960psu,b ldiecm and
PREFACE vii
forre ducaeidpr o lluthiaosbn r ougshttr inggeonvte rnmelnitm itatoino ns
thea mounotf u ndesireambilses ifornosmr oad-veheincgliena ensd o ther
poweprl antIsnt. h eU niteSdt atetsh,ep robleomfr educianigpr o llution
hasr esulitnem do rer esea,rd cehvelopmeanntdt, e chnilciatle ratthuarne
anyo theerv enitn t heh istoorfyt hei nternal-conm beunsgtiinToeh.e
methoduss edf orr educing poalrleou uttiloinn ienVd o lum2e, t ogether
witrhe ferentcote hsee xistliintge ratSuereae l.st oh er eferenocnpe asg es
555a nd5 56o ft hivso lume.
Thed evelopmednetssc riabbeodv hea veb eeng reatalsys isbtyet dh e
receanvta ilaboiflp iotwye rful compTuhetseaerr sen. o wg eneraulsleyd
ine nginrees eardcehs,i gann,dt estiTnhge.ym akep ossimbalteh ematical
"modelinogf"m anya specotfse nginbee haviionrc,l udfliunigd fl ow,
eombustiaonnd,s tredsiss tribuEtnigoinn.te e setq uipmeanntd p roce­
dureasr en owu sual"lcyo mputeriAzne edx.t"r emeilmyp ortaanptp lica­
tioonf c omputenrosw,e xpandirnagp idilsyt ,h eu seo fr elatisvmeallyl
electrcoonmipcu tseyrs teampsp liteodi ndivideunagli innes tallaftoiro ns
purposoefsc ontraonld t hel ocatioofmn a lfunctiTohnesu .s eo fs uch
systeimnsr oavde hicilseb se comignegn eriantl h eU niteSdt ates,i ta nd
hasa ssisted girnte haect olnyt roofle x hauesmti ssioanses x,p laiinne d
Volum2e.
Thed evelopmemnetnst ionheedr aer ec overiendm ored etaaitla ppro­
priaptoei nitnst hestew ov olumes.
c.F AYETTTEA YLOR
Janua1r9y8 4
DEDICATEDT O THE MEMORY OF THE LATE
SIRH ARRY R.R ICARDO,L .L.DF..,R .S.,
WORLD-RENOWNED PIONEERI N
ENGINE RESEARCHA ND ANALYSIS,
VALUED FRIENDA ND ADVISER.
Contents
Volume I
TherInodynaInicFlsu,i dFl ow,P erforInance
Chapte1r I NTRODUCTISOYNM,B OLSU,N ITSD,E FINITIONS 1
2 AIRC YCLES 22
3 THERMODYNAMOIFCA SC TUALW ORKINGF LUIDS 40
1- FUEL-AICRY CLES 67
5 THE ACTUALC YCLE 107
6 AIRC APACITOYF F OUR-STROEKNEG INES 147
7 TWO-STROKEEN GINES 211
8 HEATL OSSES 266
9 FRICTIOLNU,B RICATIAONND,W EAR 312
ix
x CONTENTS
10 COMPRESSOERXSH,A USTTU RBINES,
HEATE XCHANGERS 362
11 INFLUENCOEF CYLINDESRI ZE
ON ENGINEP ERFORMANCE 401
12 THEP ERFORMANOCFEU NSUPERCHARGEENDG INES4 18
13 SUPERCHARGEENDG INEASN DT HEIRP ERFORMANC4E5 6
Append1i xS YMBOLASN DT HEIRD IMENSIONS 495
2 PROPERTIOEFSA PERFECGTA S 500
3 FLOWO FF LUIDS 503
4 ANALYSIOSF LIGHT-SPRIINNDGI CATDOIRA GRAMS5 10
5 HEATT RANSFEBRY FORCEDC ONVECTION
BETWEENA TUBEA NDA FLUID 514
6 FLOWT HROUGTHw o ORIFICIENSS ERIES 516
7 STRESSDESU E TO MOTIONA NDG RAVITY
INS IMILAERN GINES 518
8 BASIECN GINE-PERFORMEAQNUCAET IONS 520
Bibliography 523
Charts
C-lC,- 2C,- 3C,- 4a ref oldiednp ockeatt tachteodr eacro ver.
Index 557