Table Of ContentRainer Pöttgen, Dirk Johrendt
Intermetallics
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Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials
Pöttgen, Rainer (Editor-in-Chief)
ISSN 2194-4946, e-ISSN 2196-7105
Rainer Pöttgen, Dirk Johrendt
Intermetallics
Synthesis, Structure, Function
2nd Edition
Author
Prof. Dr. Rainer Pöttgen
Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
Corrensstraße 30
48149 Münster
Germany
[email protected]
Prof. Dr. Dirk Johrendt
Department Chemie
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Butenandtstraβe 5–13 (Haus D)
81377 München
Germany
[email protected]
This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, the authors and the publisher do not warrant the
information contained herein to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that state-
ments, data, illustrations, procedural detail or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
ISBN 978-3-11-063580-5
e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-063672-7
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063700-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019935641
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed
bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Cover image: Prof. Dr. Dirk Johrendt
Typesetting: Integra Software Services, Pvt. Ltd
Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck
www.degruyter.com
Preface of the Second Edition
A book lives from and with its readers, with their criticism and ideas for innovations
which significantly help to improve it. Five years after the first edition we have cor-
rected the first one with respect to small inconsistencies and we added current results
and literature to the respective chapters, in order to account for ongoing research. The
most significant innovation of this second edition concerns the extension of Chapters
2 (Synthesis) and 4 (Function). These parts were a bit underrepresented in the first
edition. Again, these chapters were written from a solid state chemistry point of view.
We hope that the present edition is an attractive view on the broad family of interme-
tallics for Master and PhD students.
Also for the second edition, we got support from our co-workers and colleagues.
We thank Gudrun Lübbering for literature search and administrative help, Prof. Dr.
Hubert Huppertz for several technical photos and helpful discussions, Thomas Ficken-
scher for many of the photos of chapter 2, Dr. Florian Winter and Prof. Dr. Florian Kraus
for critically reading the first edition, and PD Dr. Constantin Hoch for the electrocrys-
tallization photo. We are indebted to the editorial and production staff of De Gruyter.
Our particular thanks go to Kristin Berber-Nerlinger and Dr. Vivien Schubert for her
continuous support during conception, writing and producing the present book.
Rainer Pöttgen, Dirk Johrendt
Münster, München, 18 December 2018
The book contains three different tokens, pointing to:
! safety-relevant experimental procedures
list of references
recommended literature for further reading; i.e. relevant text books, review
articles or important original articles
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110636727-201
Preface of the First Edition
Inorganic solid state chemistry is a still growing field which covers a broad diversity
of compounds from salts via semiconductors to intermetallics. The key topics concern
materials synthesis, structure determination and systemization, bonding analyses
as well as the characterization and understanding of the physical properties. While
halides, chalcogenides, nitrides, and basics on semiconductors are frequently imple-
mented in fundamental inorganic chemistry textbooks, the large family of intermetal-
lics is still stepmotherly treated. Motivated by several colleagues we wrote the present
book in order to close a gap for Master and PhD students. Our contribution summa-
rizes basic data for the synthesis and crystal chemistry of intermetallic compounds
and gives an outlook on the many physical properties.
The present contribution summarizes selected examples from the huge family
of intermetallic compounds, well understood, from a solid state chemistry point of
view. The standardized crystallographic data were taken from the Pearson data base.
Structure drawings were performed with the Diamond software and refined with
CorelDraw or Adobe Illustrator.
The basic research of the authors on intermetallics has generously been supported
by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the Bundesministerium für Bildung
und Forschung (BMBF) over the last fifteen years, and is gratefully acknowledged.
Such a project is not realizable without the help of colleagues and co-workers. We
thank Gudrun Lübbering for continuous help with literature search, Prof. Dr. Hubert
Huppertz for several technical photos and critical reading of the manuscript, Thomas
Fickenscher for photos of chapter 2, and Dr. Manfred H. Möller, M. Sc. Christine Hieke
and M. Sc. Franziska Hummel for proof reading. We are indebted to the editorial and
production staff of de Gruyter. Our particular thanks go to Kristin Berber-Nerlinger for
her continuous support during conception, writing and producing the present book.
Rainer Pöttgen, Dirk Johrendt
Münster, München, 24 March 2014
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110636727-202
Contents
Preface of the Second Edition V
Preface of the First Edition VII
1 Introduction 1
2 Synthesis 3
2.1 Starting Materials – Crucible Materials 3
2.2 Phase Diagrams – Metallography 10
2.3 Melting, Annealing and Sintering 12
2.4 Arc-Melting 14
2.5 Induction Melting 17
2.6 Spark Plasma Sintering 19
2.7 Metal-flux assisted Synthesis 21
2.8 Salt-flux assisted Synthesis 25
2.9 Thin Films 27
2.10 Chemical Vapor Transport 30
2.11 Crystal Growth Techniques 32
2.12 Mechanosynthesis 34
2.13 High-Pressure Synthesis 36
2.14 Electrocrystallization 39
2.15 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 41
2.16 Synthesis in Ionic Liquids and Polyols 44
3 Structure 49
3.1 The Metallic Elements 49
3.2 Alloys, Solid Solutions, Compounds 54
3.3 Ordered Close-packed Structures 56
3.4 Chemical Bonding 62
3.4.1 The Metallic State of Matter 63
3.4.2 Approaches to Electronic Structure and Bonding in Extended
Structures 65
3.5 Hume-Rothery Phases 70
3.6 Laves Phases 72
3.7 Zintl Phases 75
3.8 Group III Elements 80
3.8.1 Borides 80
3.8.2 Aluminides 89
3.8.3 Gallides 99
3.8.4 Indides 107
X Contents
3.8.5 Thallides 117
3.9 Tetrelides 122
3.9.1 Carbides 122
3.9.2 Silicides 130
3.9.3 Germanides 139
3.9.4 Stannides 147
3.9.5 Plumbides 152
3.10 Pnictides 155
3.10.1 Nitrides 155
3.10.2 Phosphides 160
3.10.3 Arsenides 172
3.10.4 Antimonides 175
3.10.5 Bismuthides 180
3.11 Chalcogenides 183
3.11.1 Suboxides 183
3.11.2 Metal-rich Sulphides 188
3.11.3 Selenides 196
3.11.4 Tellurides 200
3.12 Beryllium and Magnesium Intermetallics 202
3.13 Zinc and Cadmium Intermetallics 211
3.14 Amalgames 223
3.15 Aurides and Platinides 227
3.16 Hydrides 235
3.17 Classification/Hierarchy 241
3.18 Quasicrystals 251
4 Function 255
4.1 Magnetic Properties 255
4.2 Superconductivity 262
4.3 Thermoelectric Materials 269
4.4 Battery Materials 272
4.5 Metallic Glasses 274
4.6 Nanomaterials 277
4.7 Catalysis 280
4.8 Magnetocaloric Materials 282
4.9 Optical Properties of Metals 286
Formula Index 291
Subject Index 308
