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Interlinkages and the effectiveness of multilateral environmental
agreements
Interlinkages and the effectiveness
of multilateral environmental
agreements
W. Bradnee Chambers
a
United Nations
University Press
TOKYOuNEWYORKuPARIS
6UnitedNationsUniversity,2008
The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec-
essarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsUniversity.
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CoverdesignbySese-PaulDesign
PrintedinHongKong
ISBN978-92-808-1149-0
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Chambers,W.Bradnee.
Interlinkagesandtheeffectivenessofmultilateralenvironmentalagreements/
W.BradneeChambers.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-9280811490(pbk.)
1.Environmentallaw,International. 2.Environmentalpollution—Prevention.
3.Agriculturalbiotechnology—Lawandlegislation. 4.Geneticresources
conservation. I.Title.
K3585.C43 2008
344.0406—dc22 2007036998
Contents
Figures ................................................................. vii
Major treaties ......................................................... viii
Cases................................................................... x
Foreword .............................................................. xii
Acknowledgements ................................................... xiv
Abbreviations ......................................................... xv
Part I: Introduction and overview.................................... 1
1 Introduction and overview ......................................... 3
Part II: Historical overview of the international process to
improve coordination and create synergies between
intergovernmental sustainable development institutions ......... 13
2 From Stockholm to Johannesburg via Malmo¨: A historical
overview of international coordination of environment-
sustainable development institutions .............................. 15
vi CONTENTS
Part III: The legal milieu of interlinkages under international
law .................................................................. 45
3 Legal mechanisms and coordination systems for promoting and
managing interlinkages between multilateral environmental
agreements ......................................................... 47
Part IV: Theoretical foundations and basis for an analytical
framework .......................................................... 95
4 Towards an improved understanding of effectiveness of
international treaties ............................................... 97
5 Interlinkages and legal effectiveness: Laying the foundations of
an analytical framework ........................................... 130
Part V: Case study one: Understanding interlinkages as a factor
of effectiveness within international environmental law.......... 157
6 The interlinkages of plant genetic resources: The Convention
on Biological Diversity and FAO International Treaty on Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture..................... 159
Part VI: Case study two: Understanding interlinkages as a factor
of effectiveness of sustainable development law .................. 197
7 The interlinkages of plant genetic resources: The CBD and
ITPGRFA and their relationship with the TRIPS Agreement... 199
Part VII: Conclusions................................................. 235
8 Conclusions for public international law and treaty
management ........................................................ 237
Appendix.............................................................. 250
Selected bibliography................................................. 293
Index .................................................................. 298
Figures
3.1 Portrait of the fragmentation of international environmental
governance....................................................... 91
6.1 Promotion of conservation of plant genetic resources for
food and agriculture CBD ...................................... 191
vii
Major treaties
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, opened for signature 23 May
1969, 1155 UNTS, 331 (entered into force 27 January 1980).
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially
as Waterfowl Habitat, 2 Feb. 1971, TIAS 11084, 996 UNTS, 245. (chapter
5).
Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora, 3 March 1973, 27 UST 1087, 993 UNTS, 243.
(chapter 5).
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and Interna-
tional Organizations or between International Organizations, done and
opened for signature at Vienna on 21 March 1986. Not yet in force. UN
Doc. A/CONF.129/15, reprinted in 25 ILM, 543.
Convention on Biological Diversity, negotiated under the auspices of
UNEP, was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 and entered into force
on 29 December 1993, 31 ILM, 818 (1992).
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 9 May 1992,
31 ILM, 849 (1992).
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectualProperty Rights, Mar-
rakech Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex
1C, Legal Instruments–Results of the Uruguay Round, 31, ILM, 81
(1994).
viii
Description:In recent years there has been growing awareness that a major reason for the worsening global environment is the failure to create adequate institutional responses to fully address the scope, magnitude and complexity of environmental problems. Much of the criticism directed at the global institution
