Table Of ContentINTERGROUP ACCOMMODATION IN
PLURAL SOCIETIES
INTERGROUP
ACCOMMODATION
IN PLURAL
SOCIETIES
A selection of conference papers
with special reference to the
Republic of South Africa
Edited by
Nic Rhoodie
Head, Department of Sociology, and Director,
Institute for Plural Societies,
University of Pretoria
Winifred Crum Ewing
Assistant to the Editor
Palgrave Macmillan
© Nic Rhoodie 1978
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 978-0-333-25688-6
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without permission
First published 1978 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke
Associated companies in Delhi
Dublin Hong Kong Johannesburg lAgos
Melbourne New York Singapore Tokyo
British Library Cataloguing in Pubtication Data
Intergroup accommodation in plural societies
1. Pluralism (social sciences)-Congresses
I. Rhoodie, Nic II. Ewing, Winifred Crum
III. University of Pretoria. Institute for Plural
Societies
301.45 HM131
ISBN 978-1-349-04316-3 ISBN 978-1-349-04314-9 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-349-04314-9
This book is sold subject
to the standard conditions
of the Net Book Agreement
Contents
Preface xiii
Notes on the Contributors XV
INTRODUCTION Nic Rhoodie 1
1 LIMITS OF GOVERNMENT IN THE THIRD WORLD
Ernest W. Lefever 13
I Limits of Politics in the Third World 15
II The Rule of Law and Justice 19
III Kinds of Authoritarian Regimes 21
IV Pluralism and the Internal Colony 23
V A Postscript on South Africa 24
2 MAJORITY RULE VERSUS DEMOCRACY IN DEEPLY
DIVIDED SOCIETIES Arend Lijphart 27
I Majoritarian Democracy and the British Paradigm 28
II The Plural Societies Paradigm 31
III Consociational versus Majoritarian Democracy 33
IV A Comparison of the Viability of the two Models 35
V Drawbacks of the Consociational Model 38
VI Conclusion: Determinism versus Free Choice 40
3 A MODEL OF A MULTINATIONAL SOCIETY AS
DEVELOPED IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY BEFORE 1918
Friedrich Prinz 44
I Nationalism Today 45
II The Nationality Question in Austria-Hungary 46
III Personal Autonomy or the Principle of Personality 46
IV Renner's Ideas and South Africa Today 48
V Strong and weak points of Personal Autonomy 50
VI Summary and Conclusion 51
v
vi Contents
4 ETHNO-NATIONAL VERSUS OTHER FORMS OF GROUP
IDENTITY: THE PROBLEM OF TERMINOLOGY
Walker Connor 53
I Ethnicity 64
II Primordialism 67
III Pluralism 71
IV Tribalism 72
V Regionalism 73
VI Communalism 75
VII Parochialism 76
VIII Subnationalism 77
IX Accurate Terminology 77
5 THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION: DEFINITION,
REALITY AND IDEAL POLICY Raymond D. Gastil 84
I The Definition and Contexts of Subnationalism 86
II Adjustive Reactions to Demands for Self-determination 90
III Self-determination in International Law 96
IV Basic Principles for Examining Claims to Self-
determination 99
V The Theoretical Argument for Self-determination 100
VI The Rights to Self-Determination of Territorial Minorities 105
VII Balancing Self-determination and Other Values in Future 108
Policy
6 ISLAMIC-ARABISM VERSUS PLURALISM: THE F AlLURE
OF INTERGROUP ACCOMMODATION IN THE MIDDLE
EAST Moshe Ma'oz 115
I Introduction 115
A. The Islamic Era 116
B. The Modem Era 117
II The Fertile Crescent versus Egypt 118
A. Arab-Jewish Conflicts 120
B. The Arab-Kurdish Conflict 121
III Muslim-Christian Conflict in Lebanon 122
IV The case of Syria 125
A. The role of the French Mandate 126
B. Integration of Minority Groups in Political Life 127
C. 'Alawis Seize Power 130
D. The Mechanism of the 'Alawi Elite in Power: Jadid
Compared to Asad 131
E. The Regime's Civilian and Popular Cast 133
Contents vii
F. Opposition to Jadid's 'Alawi Regime (1966-1970) 134
G. Asad's New Policies regarding Intergroup
Accommodation 135
V Conclusions 137
7 PATIERNS OF INTERGROUP ACCOMMODATION IN
SOUTHEAST ASIA: IS DEMOCRATIC PLURALISM
POSSIBLE? Justus M. van der Kroef 143
I The Communist Party of Malaya: An Example of
Accommodation 143
II The Chinese in Sarawak and Malaysia Generally 145
III The Chinese in Thailand 148
IV Indonesia: the Chinese and other Ethnic Groups 149
V The Socialist Republic of Vietnam 152
VI The Union of Burma 154
VII The Southern Philippines 156
VIII National Ideology: 'Civil Religion' 159
IX The Marxist-Leninist (Maoist) Route to Accommodation 163
X The Social Consequences of Economic Activity 164
XI Conclusions: Attitudes to Democratic Pluralism 167
8 THE PUBLIC SERVICES IN A PLURAL SOCIETY
William Gutteridge 174
I A Community of Diverse Ethnic Groups 174
II Organisation of the Public Services 175
III Composition of the Public Services, particularly the Police
and the Army 177
IV Some Constructive Approaches 178
9 PRESCRIPTIONS FOR THE PLURAL SOCIETY: THEORY
AND PRACTICE IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT
Alvin Rabushka 179
I A Paradigm of Politics in the Plural Society 181
II Race and Politics in South Africa 182
III Prescriptions for the Plural Society: the Case of South
Africa 186
IV Theory of Racial Harmony 190
10 SOME EDUCATIONAL IMPERATIVES REGARDING THE
PEACEFUL PURSUIT OF INTERGROUP ACCOMMODA-
TION IN A PLURAL SOCIETY Edward Fort 197
I Background Overview 197
II The Challenge of Cultural Pluralism 199
viii Contents
III Black Americans, a Rise ofNeo-ethnicity, Absence of Total
Assimilation 202
IV Racism and Education and the Challenge Internationally 206
V Black Students in a White University Setting 213
VI Barriers to Black Equal Opportunity on White Campuses 215
A. Insensitivity of College Administrators and Staff 215
B. The Academicians' Assault on Open Admissions in
Higher Education 216
C. Assault on Black Studies 219
D. Slowness of True Affirmative Action 220
VII Conclusion on the Higher Education Scene 222
VIII Organisational Imperatives for Dropping the Barriers to
Equal Educational Opportunities for Black and Other
Minority Students in Pluralistic Societies 222
A. The Pre-Higher Education Scene 222
B. The Higher Education Scene 225
IX Conclusion 228
11 THE SPECIAL ROLE OF THE MASS NEWS MEDIA IN A
PLURAL SOCIETY Leonard R. Sussman 231
I American Minorities 232
II How Well Did the News Media Explain the Black and
White Groups to One Another? 234
III Changes in the Role of the Press 239
IV The Importance of Press Credibility in Coverage of Civil
Disorders 241
V The Development of Press Guidelines for the Coverage of
Civil Disorders 243
VI Attempts by the Third World to Create a Universal Stan-
dard of Government-imposed Press Guidelines and
Implementation 244
VII The Special Role of the Mass News Media 246
12 THE PROBLEMS OF INTERGROUP ACCOMMODATION
AND PLURALISM IN THE POLITICS OF PAKISTAN
Khalil A. Nasir 249
I Politics of Pluralism in the Formative Years of Pakistan 249
II The Problems of Pluralism in the Constitution-making
Process 254
III The Politics of Regional Pluralism: the Failure of Consoli-
dation and the Emergence of Bangladesh 257
Contents ix
IV The Role of Religious Pluralism in Pakistani Politics 264
V The Political Dynamics of Cultural Diversities in Pakistan 272
VI Conclusion 280
13 THE PROTECTION OF MINORITY RIGHTS IN AFRICA
W. J. Breytenbach 285
I The· Problem of Minority Protection 285
II The International Pattern 286
III Minorities and Factors Responsible for Minority
Situations 288
IV Factors Responsible for the Violation of Minority Rights 290
V How Minorities could be Protected and/or are indeed
Protected in some Cases 294
VI Evaluation 297
14 WHAT IS THE LESSON OF SWISS SOLUTIONS TO
PLURALIST PROBLEMS FOR SOUTH AFRICA?
Christopher Hughes 299
I Style and Form of Government 299
II Religion 300
III Language 301
IV Language and Religion Combined 301
V The Lesson 303
VI Since 1970 303
VII Conclusion 304
15 PLURAL SOCIETIES AND THE APPLICATION OF
DEMOCRACY Mburumba Kerina 305
I Introduction 305
II Intergroup Conflict and Accommodation m Plural
Societies 306
III Complex Political Structures for Plural Societies 308
IV Ethnicity and Democracy 310
V The Proposed Formula for Namibia 311
VI The Turnhalle Constitutional Conference and the Craft of
Diplomacy: Politics of Realism versus Politics of
Frustration 312
POSTSCRIPT UNITY IS NAMIBIA'S PRESSING NEED 318
X Contents
16 A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE ON METROPOLITAN
AREAS AS LABORATORIES FOR COMMUNITY-ORIEN
TED LOCAL GOVERNMENT REORGANISATION IN
SOUTH AFRICA W. B. Vosloo 322
I The Scope of Metropolitanisation 323
II Metropolitan Problem and Approaches to Metropolitan
Reform 323
III The Characteristics of the South African Metropolis 327
IV Governmental Organisation in Metropolitan Areas 329
V The Challenge of Metropolitan Reorganisation in South
Africa 331
VI Conclusion 333
17 PLURAL ACCOMMODATION IN SOUTH AFRICA:
PROBLEMS, PERSPECTIVES AND SOLUTIONS
G. C. Olivier 335
I The Failure of Liberal Constitutionalism in South Africa 337
II The Failure of Apartheid 338
III South Africa as a Transitional Society 338
IV South Africa as a Plural Society 341
V Patterns and Directions of Change in South Africa 343
VI A Strategy for Change: Some Practical Suggestions 346
18 DERIVING POLICY FOR SOUTH AFRICA
Anthony de Crespigny 348
I Factual Assumptions 349
II Value Assumptions 361
III Policy Derivations 362
19 SOUTH AFRICA - A BLACK VIEWPOINT Percy Qoboza 368
I Separate Development Unacceptable and Unworkable 368
II Consultation Essential for Deriving New Policies 368
III Homelands, Townships and Black Leaders 369
IV Some Questions and Answers 370
V Black and White Love for Our Country: Hopes for the
Future 372
20 THE RESTORATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: A MEANS
TOWARDS ACHIEVING SOCIAL JUSTICE IN
SOUTH AFRICA B. G. Ranchod 374
I Aim 1: Eliminate Racial Discrimination (Statutory) 375
II Restoration of Fundamental Human Rights 378
