Table Of ContentIntegrating Green Chemistry and
Sustainable Engineering
Scrivener Publishing
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Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Integrating Green Chemistry
and Sustainable Engineering
Shahid-ul-Islam
Department of Textile Technology,
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-50983-7
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in the USA
Contents
Preface xix
1 Third Generation Biofuels: A Promising
Alternate Energy Source 1
Mushtaq Ahmad Rather and Parveena Bano
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Biofuel Types 5
1.3 Advantages of Third Generation Biofuels 6
1.4 Technology of Third Generation Biofuel Production 7
1.5 Transformation Potential of Algae Into Third Generation
Biofuels 9
1.6 Recent Developments in Biomass Transformation Into
Third Generation Biofuels by
Hydrothermal Conversion (HTC) 9
1.7 Conclusion 17
References 18
2 Recent Progress in Photocatalytic Water Splitting by
Nanostructured TiO -Carbon Photocatalysts – Influence
2
of Interfaces, Morphological Structures and
Experimental Parameters 23
V. Preethi, M. Mamatha Kumari, N. Ramesh Reddy,
U. Bhargav, K. K. Cheralathan, C. H. Shilpa Chakra and
M. V. Shankar
2.1 Photocatalysis 24
2.2 Carbon Nanotubes-TiO and Other Nanocomposite for
2
Photocatalytic Water Splitting 26
2.3 Factors Influencing Liquid-Phase Hydrogen Production 31
2.3.1 Direct Photolysis and Its Limitations 33
2.3.2 Need for Reducing Polysulphide Ions Formation 33
v
vi Contents
2.3.3 Role of Sulphite Ions in Conversion of Photo
Sulphides to Thiosulphate 34
2.3.4 Influence of Catalyst Dosage 37
2.3.5 Effect of pH 37
2.3.6 Effect of Recycle Flow Rates and Reactor
Design on H2 Generation 41
2.3.7 Dependence of Hydrogen Production on
Volume and Depth of Photolytic Solution 41
2.3.8 Influence of Light Irradiation on Hydrogen Yield 41
2.3.9 Sulphur Recovery 45
2.3.10 Reusability of the Nanophotocatalysts 45
2.4 Factors Influencing Gas-Phase Photocatalytic
Hydrogen Production 45
2.4.1 Effect of H S Gas Concentration 46
2
2.4.2 Effect of Gas Flow Rate 46
2.4.3 Effect of Catalyst Dosage 47
2.4.4 Effect of Light Irradiation 47
2.5 Future Prospects 48
References 49
3 Heterogeneous Catalytic Conversion of Greenhouse Gas
CO to Fuels 57
2
Kaisar Ahmad, Firdaus Parveen, Anushree and
Sreedevi Upadhyayula
3.1 Introduction 58
3.1.1 Greenhouse Gas CO 58
2
3.1.2 Mitigation of CO Concentration 59
2
3.1.3 Reducing CO Emissions 59
2
3.1.4 Zero Emissions 59
3.1.5 Carbon Capture and Storage or Sequestration (CCS) 59
3.2 Thermodynamics of CO Hydrogenation to
2
Methanol, DME, and Hydrocarbons 60
3.3 Catalytic Conversion of CO to Methanol, DME, and
2
Hydrocarbons 64
3.3.1 Effect of Alkali Promotors 65
3.3.2 Effect of Metal Particle Crystal Phase in CO
2
Hydrogenation 67
3.3.3 Effect of Support 68
3.4 Mechanism of CO Hydrogenation to Methanol, DME, and
2
Hydrocarbons 69
Contents vii
3.4.1 CO Hydrogenation to Methanol 69
2
3.4.1.1 Formate Route 70
3.4.1.2 Carboxylate Route 70
3.4.1.3 RWGS Route 71
3.4.2 CO Hydrogenation to Dimethyl Ether 71
2
3.4.3 CO Hydrogenation to Hydrocarbons 71
2
3.4.3.1 Indirect Conversion of CO Into
2
Hydrocarbons 73
3.4.3.2 Direct Conversion of CO Into
2
Hydrocarbons 74
3.5 Challenges and Opportunities in CO
2
Hydrogenation Process 75
References 75
4 Energy Harvesting: Role of Plasmonic Nanocomopsites
for Energy Efficient Devices 81
Jaspal Singh, Subhavna Juneja and Anujit Ghosal
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Plasmonic Nanostructures 83
4.3 Plasmonic Nanocomposites 85
4.4 Plasmonic Nanocomposites for Energy Harvesting 88
4.4.1 Plasmonic Nanocomposites for
Photovoltaic Applications 88
4.4.2 Plasmonic Nanocomposites for Water Purification 92
4.4.3 Plasmonic Nanocomposites for Hydrogen
Production 98
4.5 Conclusions 102
References 103
5 Catalytic Conversion of Biomass Derived Cellulose to
5-Hydromethyl Furfural 113
Firdaus Parveen, Kaiser Ahmad and Sreedevi Upadhyayula
5.1 General Overview 113
5.2 Biomass Conversion Processes 119
5.3 HMF as a Platform Chemical 121
5.4 Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Glucose 123
5.4.1 Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Glucose
Using Liquid Acid 123
5.4.2 Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Glucose
Using Solid Acid 126
viii Contents
5.4.3 Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Glucose
Using Ionic Liquids 128
5.4.3.1 Ionic Liquids 129
5.4.3.2 Cellulose Hydrolysis in Ionic Liquids
Using Mineral Acid as Catalyst 133
5.4.3.3 Cellulose Hydrolysis in Ionic Liquids
Using Metal Salts as Catalyst 136
5.4.3.4 Cellulose Hydrolysis in Ionic Liquids
Using Heterogenous Catalyst 138
5.4.3.5 Cellulose Hydrolysis in Ionic Liquids
Using Ionic Liquids as Catalyst 141
5.5 Glucose Conversion to 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural 143
5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 150
References 150
6 Raman “Green” Spectroscopy for Ultrasensitive
Analyte Detection 165
Subhavna Juneja, Anujit Ghosal and Jaydeep Bhattacharya
6.1 Introduction 166
6.2 Application of Nanotechnology in Medicine 167
6.2.1 Bio-Imaging 167
6.2.2 Bio-Sensing and Diagnosis 167
6.2.3 Targeted Drug Delivery 168
6.2.4 Food Technology 169
6.2.5 Regenerative Medicine 169
6.2.6 Nanomedicine with Emphasis on
Early Disease Detection 171
6.2.7 Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman
Spectroscopy (SERS) 172
6.2.7.1 Raman “Green” Spectroscopy 173
6.3 Conclusion and Future Outlook 184
References 184
7 Microwave Synthesized Conducting Polymer-Based Green
Nanocomposites as Smart Promising Materials 191
Neha Kanwar Rawat and P.K Panda
7.1 Introduction 192
7.2 Brief Introduction of Conducting Polymers 194
7.2.1 CPs 194
7.2.2 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 195
Contents ix
7.3 Microwave Synthesis 198
7.3.1 Principle of MW Heating 200
7.3.2 Dielectric Properties 201
7.3.3 Significance of Tan δ 201
7.3.4 Advantages of Microwave Over
Conventional Heating 202
7.4 Literature/Research Present 203
7.4.1 PANI and Derivatives 203
7.4.2 PTh and Their Derivatives 205
7.5 Application of MW synthesized CPs in varying Arena 206
7.6 Conclusion and outlook 208
References 208
8 Biobased Biodegradable Polymers for Ecological
Applications: A Move Towards Manufacturing Sustainable
Biodegradable Plastic Products 215
Sudhakar Muniyasamy, Kulanthaisamy Mohanrasu,
Abongile Gada, Teboho Clement Mokhena,Asanda Mtibe,
Thulasinathan Boobalan, Vimla Paul and Alagarsamy Arun
8.1 Introduction 216
8.2 Biodegradable and Compostable Polymer Materials 217
8.2.1 Defining Biodegradability 217
8.2.2 Biodegradable Polymers (Fossil or Renewable) 218
8.3 Biopolymer From Microbial Synthesis and Its Applications 218
8.3.1 Intracellular Biological Polymers 219
8.3.1.1 Application of PHAs 221
8.3.2 Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) 222
8.3.2.1 Important Properties of EPS 224
8.4 Chitin 226
8.4.1 Chitin Recovery 230
8.4.2 Characterization of Chitin 231
8.4.3 Applications of Chitin 232
8.5 Conventional Synthesis of Biopolymers and Its Application 234
8.5.1 Biorenewable Biopolymers 234
8.6 End-of-Life of Biopolymer Based Materials and
Composites and Its Applications 235
8.6.1 Biopolymer Blend 239
8.6.2 Biocomposites 239
8.6.2.1 PLA-Natural Fibre Composite 239
8.6.2.2 PLA Based Composites From Petro
Based Biodegradable Polymer 240
x Contents
8.6.2.3 PLA-Non-Biodegradable Polymer from
Renewable and Non-Renewable Sources 240
8.6.2.4 PLA Based Composites from
Renewable Biodegradable Polymer PLA/
microbial Polyester 241
8.7 Concluding Remarks 244
References 245
9 Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (Phenolic Lipid) Based Coatings:
Polymers to Nanocomposites 255
Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal, Eram Sharmin and
Nahid Nishat
9.1 Introduction 256
9.2 CNSL (Col) 257
9.3 CNSL (Col) Based Polymeric Coatings 258
9.3.1 CNSL (Col)-Epoxy Coatings 259
9.3.2 CNSL (Col) Polyamides (CPAs) Coatings 264
9.3.3 CNSL (Col)-Formaldehyde/ Furfuraldehyde
Coatings 267
9.3.4 CNSL (Col) phenalkamines coatings 268
9.3.5 CNSL (Col) Benzoxazine (Bnz) Coatings 271
9.3.6 Col-Polyol Coatings 273
9.3.7 CNSL(Col)-Polyurethane (PU) Coatings 274
9.4 CNSL (Col) Non Isocyanate Polyurethanes (NIPUs)
or Green Coatings 274
9.5 CNSL (Col) Waterborne and UV Cured Coatings 277
9.6 CNSL(Col) Based Antifouling/antibacterial Coatings 280
9.7 CNSL (Col) Based Nanostructured Coatings and
Nanocomposites Coatings 283
9.8 Conclusions 284
References 285
10 Ionic Liquids as Potential Green Solvents Their Interactions
with Surfactants and Antidepressant Drugs 291
Nisar Ahmad Malik and Ummer Farooq
10.1 Introduction 292
10.2 Basic Properties of ILs 293
10.3 Applications of ILs 297
10.4 Antidepressant Drugs 300
10.5 Ionic Liquid – Surfactant and Ionic Liquid-Antidepressant
Drug Interaction 303
