Table Of ContentIntergenerational Consequences of Migration
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Intergenerational
Consequences of Migration
Socio-economic, Family and Cultural
Patterns of Stability and Change in
Turkey and Europe
Ayse Guveli
Professor of Sociology, University of Essex, UK
Harry B.G. Ganzeboom
Professor of Sociology and Social Research Methodology, VU University Amsterdam,
Netherlands
Lucinda Platt
Professor of Social Policy and Sociology, London School of Economics, UK
Bernhard Nauck
Professor of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany
Helen Baykara-Krumme
Senior Researcher, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany
Ş ğ
ebnem Ero lu
Lecturer in Social Policy, University of Bristol, UK
Sait Bayrakdar
PhD Candidate, University of Essex, UK
Efe K. Sözeri
PhD Candidate, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands
and
Niels Spierings
Assistant Professor, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
© Ayse Guveli, Harry B.G. Ganzeboom, Lucinda Platt, Bernhard Nauck, Helen
Baykara-Krumme, S¸ebnem Erog˘lu, Sait Bayrakdar, Efe K. Sözeri and
Niels Spierings 2016
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-50141-7
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First published 2016 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-56363-0 ISBN 978-1-137-50142-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137501424
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Guveli, Ayse, 1971– author.
Title: Intergenerational consequences of migration: socio-economic, family and
cultural patterns of stability and change in Turkey and Europe / Ayse Guveli, Harry
B.G. Ganzeboom, Lucinda Platt, Bernhard Nauck, Helen Baykara-Krumme, Sebnem
Eroglu, Sait Bayrakdar, Efe K. Sözeri, Niels Spierings.
Description: Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015025777
Subjects: LCSH: Turkey – Emigration and immigration – Social aspects. | Turks –
Family relationships – Europe. | Immigrants – Family relationships – Europe. |
BISAC: FAMILY & RELATIONSHIPS / Interpersonal Relations. | SOCIAL SCIENCE /
Emigration & Immigration. | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Minority Studies.
Classification: LCC JV8745 .G88 2015 | DDC 305.894/3504—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015025777
Contents
List of Figures vi
List of Tables viii
Acknowledgements xi
Part I
1 Introduction: The Origins of Migration 3
2 Research Design and Data 17
3 The Five Regions of Origin in Turkey 33
4 Migration and Return Migration 49
Part II
5 Educational Attainment 71
6 Occupational Status Attainment 90
7 Self-Employment 112
Part III
8 Marriage 131
9 Fertility 147
10 Friends and Social Networks 165
Part IV
11 Religiosity 185
12 Attitudes towards Gender Equality 202
13 Identities 218
Part V
14 Conclusion 235
Appendices 244
Notes 248
References 251
Index 279
v
List of Figures
2.1 Map of Turkey illustrating low, medium and high migration
sending provinces between 1961 and 1974, including five
selected regions (Akҫaabat, Şarkışla, Kulu, Emirdağ and
Acıpayam) for the 2000 Families study 19
2.2 Distribution of Turks across European destination countries
in 2011 21
2.3 Criteria for selection of the regions 22
2.4 Family tree 25
3.1 Selected regions of origin in Turkey 34
3.2 Official labour migration from the five selected provinces 37
3.3 Remittances sent to Turkey by those living abroad 47
3.4 Contact of residents abroad with people in the regions 47
4.1 Migration of Turks from and to Germany, 1960–2013 50
5.1 Percentage of population that has attained upper secondary
or higher education, age groups by country 75
5.2 Predicted outcomes for educational outcomes by family
generation and migrant status 83
6.1 Classic intergenerational status attainment model 93
6.2 How international migration can influence social mobility 95
8.1(a) Percentage of arranged marriages among all marriages, by
migrant and generational status 139
8.1(b) Percentage of arranged marriages by migrant and
generational status across marriage cohorts 139
8.2 Intergenerational transmission in stayer and migrant
lineages (per cent) 141
10.1 Social network hypotheses 171
11.1 Subjective religiosity among Turks in Europe and Turkey
across generations 194
11.2 Praying among Turks in Europe and Turkey across
generations 195
11.3 Attendance among Turks in Europe and Turkey across
generations 195
12.1 Support for gender equality in five countries 204
12.2 Gender equality attitudes among three-generation lineages
with different migration histories 211
vi
List of Figures vii
12.3 Estimated effect of parents’ attitudes on respondents’
attitude for respondents growing up in Turkey and
Europe separately 215
A 12.1 G ender equality attitudes in Turkey 245
List of Tables
2.1 Migration sending provinces and counties within them 18
2.2 Response rates for family, proxy and personal questionnaires 26
3.1 Workers sent abroad through the Turkish Employment Service 36
3.2 Mean educational and occupational status of labour migrants
and stayers (G1) by region 38
3.3 Characteristics of the regions at province (1970s) and i lçe
level (2004) 39
3.4 Indicators of development (percentage of eligible population) 40
3.5 Destination countries of labour migrants (G1)
(column = percentage) 43
3.6 Migration and residence patterns in the selected regions
(column = percentage) 44
3.7 Residence countries of children and grandchildren from
migrant (Mig) and stayer (Stay) families in the selected
regions (column = percentage) 45
3.8 Visits to (the regions in) Turkey by the residents abroad 48
4.1 Migration behaviour (Cox-regression1 ) and remigration
behaviour (logistic regression1 ) of G1, G2 and G3 56
4.2 Migration behaviour of G2 by migration behaviour of
G1 (n = 10,387) (column = percentage) 60
4.3 Destination of G3-descendants of G1-migrants
(column = percentage) 62
4.4 Change in relationship between predictors and migration
from Turkey to Europe across generations 64
5.1 Educational outcomes and parental characteristics by
individual migration status of G2 and G3 80
5.2 Regression model for educational outcomes across second
and third family generations 82
5.3 Correlations for occupational status and education level
for three generations 84
5.4 OLS Regression model for educational outcomes: transmission
over three generations 86
6.1 First job and most recent job by broad class categories and
generation 99
6.2 Mean level of ISEI of occupation in first and last job by
generation and migrant status 101
viii
List of Tables ix
6.3 Who becomes a migrant to Europe? (Linear Probability
Models). B-coefficients with (absolute) t-statistics 103
6.4 Determinants of status attainment in first occupation by
generation, regression coefficients (with t-statistics) on
standardised variables 105
6.5 Determinants of status attainment in most recent occupation
by generation, regression coefficients (with t-statistics) on
standardised variables 107
7.1 Dependent, independent and control variables 119
7.2 Self-employment by individual migration status: business
type, scale and size of earnings 120
7.3 Pooled models of self-employment 121
7.4 Separate models of self-employment for settlers, returners
and stayers 122
7.5 Separate dyadic model of self-employment for settlers,
returnees and stayers 123
8.1 Estimates from logistic regression of the likelihood of
arranged vs. couple-initiated marriage, odds ratios
(standard errors) 140
8.2 Logistic regression estimates of the probability of arranged
vs. couple-initiated marriage, odds ratios (standard errors) 143
9.1 Description of the sample 155
9.2 Relative risk of 1st childbirth, origin-destination differences
and migration effects 156
9.3 Relative risk of 2nd childbirth, origin-destination differences
and migration effects 158
9.4 Relative risk of 3rd childbirth, origin-destination differences
and migration effects 160
9.5 Relative risk of 4th childbirth, origin-destination differences
and migration effects 161
10.1 Numbers of acquaintances and friends by migrant status 175
10.2 Factors influencing log number of acquaintances, friends
and the risk of isolation, estimates from OLS (acquaintances,
friends) and logistic (isolation) regression models 176
10.3 Nature of friendship networks by migrant status and sex 178
10.4 Nature of close networks, by sex and whether in Europe
or Turkey 180
11.1 OLS regression, transmission of subjective religiosity,
grandparent and parent effect for Turks in Europe
and Turkey 198
