Interferon Methods and Protocols

238 Pages·2005·2.61 MB·English

by  Katie R. Pang

Interferon Methods and Protocols
M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R M E D I C I N E™
John M. Walker, SERIES EDITOR
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M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R M E D I C I N E™
Interferon Methods
and Protocols
Edited by
Daniel J. J. Carr
Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health
and Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Interferon methods and protocols / edited by Daniel J.J. Carr.
p. ; cm. -- (Methods in molecular medicine ; 116)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58829-418-8 (alk. paper)
1. Interferon--Laboratory manuals.
[DNLM: 1. Interferons. QW 800 I615 2005] I. Carr, Daniel J. J. II. Series.
QR187.5.I57184 2005
616.07'95--dc22
2005006203
Preface
Observation of the phenomenon of virus interference, by which one virus
blocks the growth of another virus when both try to infect the same target cell,
led the way in the development of the field of interferon research. Originally
described as early as 1935, the research team of Werner and Gertrude Henle
published a sentinel paper in 1943 suggesting that the interference phenom-
enon could be induced by inactivated virus, which further suggested that per-
haps a component of the inactivated virus somehow modified the cell to become
insensitive to subsequent viral infection. However, it was not until the research
team of Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindenmann published their article in 1957 show-
ing that the interference had nothing to do with the virus particle but, rather,
stemmed from an unknown factor liberated from the cells in response to the
virus did the scientific community begin to appreciate the potential impact that
such a factor might have in medicine and biomedical research. This interfer-
ence factor was termed “interferon” and so, a field was born.
Today, interferons (IFNs) composed of type I and type II IFN species
are approved for therapeutic use for a number of conditions including selective
malignancies, multiple sclerosis, and certain types of viral infections (e.g.,
hepatitis B virus). The IFN cytokines are prescribed in more than 80 countries
with annual sales well over US$1 billion annually. The success in their appli-
cation stems from the antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunoregulatory prop-
erties associated with the activation of multiple IFN-stimulatory genes and
pathways. With the advent of gene array techniques, we now have identified
more than 300 IFN-stimulatory genes, many of which have unknown func-
tions. It is the task of current and future researchers in this field to ascertain the
functions of the IFN-stimulatory gene products in the hopes of identifying ad-
ditional pathways that will facilitate our understanding of the many biological
events influenced by IFNs.
Interferon Methods and Protocols, a volume in the Methods in
Molecular Medicine series embarks on illustrating some of the current tech-
niques developed to study specific aspects of IFN-elicited events. Unique to
this series, the first two chapters are devoted to adding a historical perspective
to the field in general discussing the successes and failures of past and present
day technology as well as consideration to future endeavors. The remainder of
the volume includes a compilation of contributions that, although not exhaus-
tive, represents a field that has expanded exponentially since its origin nearly
50 years ago. It is anticipated that this volume will be essential to all those who
v
vi Preface
work on interferon research, as well as quite useful to investigators across such
overlapping disciplines as immunology, virology, biochemistry, and molecu-
lar biology.
I am indebted to Professor John Walker who had the foresight to ini-
tiate this endeavor and allow us to organize this volume. It is worthwhile to
note that many of the authors have made a significant impact in our under-
standing of IFN biology. I am grateful to all the authors for their willingness to
contribute, in a succinct and timely manner, their experience in the form of the
methods (some of which are very unique and sophisticated) included in this
volume.
Daniel J. J. Carr
Contents
Preface ..............................................................................................................v
Contributors .....................................................................................................xi
1. Biological and Clinical Basis for Molecular Studies of Interferons
Katie R. Pang, Jashin J. Wu, David B. Huang, Stephen K. Tyring,
and Samuel Baron.............................................................................1
2. Interferon Research: A Brief History
Myriam S. Kunzi and Paula M. Pitha..................................................25
3. Virus Infection and the Interferon Response: A Global View
Through Functional Genomics
Marcus J. Korth, John C. Kash, Jeffrey C. Furlong,
and Michael G. Katze.....................................................................37
4. Genomic DNA Affinity Chromatography: A Technique to Isolate
Interferon-Inducible DNA Binding Factors
Jyothi Kumaran and Eleanor N. Fish...................................................57
5. Protein Engineering of Interferon Alphas
Renqiu Hu, Ke-jian Lei, Joseph Bekisz, and Kathryn C. Zoon............69
6. Assays for the Interferon-Induced Enzyme 2',5'
Oligoadenylate Synthetases
Saumendra N. Sarkar, Mitali Pandey, and Ganes C. Sen...................81
7. A Convenient and Sensitive Fluorescence Resonance Energy
Transfer Assay for RNase L and 2',5' Oligoadenylates
Chandar S. Thakur, Zan Xu, Zhengfu Wang, Zachary Novince,
and Robert H. Silverman..............................................................103
8. Regulation of Murine Interferon Regulatory Factor
Gene Expression in the Central Nervous System Determined
by Multiprobe RNase Protection Assay
Shalina S. Ousman and Iain L. Campbell..........................................115
9. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways
in Interferon Signaling
Antonella Sassano, Amit Verma, and Leonidas C. Platanias............135
10. Development of an Interferon-Based Cancer Vaccine Protocol:
Application to Several Types of Murine Cancers
W. Robert Fleischmann, Jr. and Tzu G. Wu.....................................151
vii
viii Contents
11. Type I Interferons as Regulators of the Differentiation/
Activation of Human Dendritic Cells: Methods
for the Evaluation of IFN-Induced Effects
Stefano M. Santini, Caterina Lapenta, and Filippo Belardelli..........167
12. Flow Cytometric Techniques for Studying Plasmacytoid Dendritic
Cells in Mixed Populations
Stacey L. Olshalsky and Patricia Fitzgerald-Bocarsly.......................183
13. Analysis of Anti-Interferon Properties of the Herpes Simplex
Virus Type I ICP0 Protein
Karen Mossman.................................................................................195
14. Interferon Subtype Gene Therapy for Regulating
Cytomegalovirus Disease
Cassandra M. James, Emmalene J. Bartlett,
Josephine P. Mansfield, and Vanessa S. Cull................................207
15. Transfection of Müller Cells With Type I Interferon Transgenes:
Resistance to HSV-1 Infection
Benitta John-Philip and Daniel J. J. Carr..........................................221
Index............................................................................................................233
Contributors
SAMUEL BARON • Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Internal
Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
EMMALENE J. BARTLETT • Division of Health Sciences, Murdoch University,
Western Australia, Australia
JOSEPH BEKISZ • Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD
FILIPPO BELARDELLI • Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences,
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
IAIN L. CAMPBELL • School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The
University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
DANIEL J. J. CARR • Department of Ophthalmology, The University of
Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
VANESSA S. CULL • Division of Health Sciences, Murdoch University,
Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
ELEANOR N. FISH • Department of Immunology, University of Toronto,
Toronto, ON, Canada
PATRICIA FITZGERALD-BOCARSLY • University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
Jersey, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Newark, NJ
W. ROBERT FLEISCHMANN, JR. • Department of Urologic Surgery, University
of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
JEFFREY C. FURLONG • Department of Microbiology and Washington National
Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
RENQIU HU• Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD
DAVID B. HUANG • Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; University of Texas School of
Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine,
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX
CASSANDRA M. JAMES • Division of Health Sciences, Murdoch University,
Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
BENITTA JOHN-PHILIP • Department of Ophthalmology, The University of
Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
JOHN C. KASH • Department of Microbiology and Washington National
Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
ix
x Contributors
MICHAEL G. KATZE • Department of Microbiology and Washington National
Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
MARCUS J. KORTH • Department of Microbiology and Washington National
Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
JYOTHI KUMARAN • Department of Immunology, University of Toronto
Medical Sciences Bldg., Toronto, ON, Canada
MYRIAM S. KUNZI • The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
CATERINA LAPENTA • Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto
Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
KE-JIAN LEI • Oral Infection of Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental
and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
JOSEPHINE P. MANSFIELD • Division of Health Sciences, Murdoch University,
Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
KAREN MOSSMAN • Center for Gene Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and
Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
ZACHARY NOVINCE • Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental
Sciences, Cleveland State University, and Department of Cancer Biology,
Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
STACEY L. OLSHALSKY • University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Newark, NJ
SHALINA S. OUSMAN • Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences,
Stanford University, Stanford, CT
MITALI PANDEY • Department of Molecular Biology, The Lerner Research
Institute, Cleaveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
KATIE R. PANG • Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, TX
PAULA M. PITHA • The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
LEONIDAS C. PLATANIAS • Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical
School, Chicago, IL
STEFANO M. SANTINI • Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences,
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
SAUMENDRA N. SARKAR • Department of Molecular Biology, The Lerner
Research Institute, Cleaveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
ANTONELLA SASSANO • Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical
School, Chicago, IL
GANES C. SEN • Department of Molecular Biology, The Lerner Research
Institute, Cleaveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH