Interactions of Earth’s Magnetotail Plasma with the Surface, Plasma, and Magnetic Anomalies of the Moon

121 Pages·2015·6.88 MB·English

by  Yuki Harada (auth.)

Springer Theses
Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
Yuki Harada

Interactions
of Earth’s
Magnetotail Plasma
with the Surface,
Plasma, and Magnetic
Anomalies of the Moon
Springer Theses
Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
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Yuki Harada
’
Interactions of Earth s
Magnetotail Plasma
with the Surface, Plasma,
and Magnetic Anomalies
of the Moon
Doctoral Thesis Accepted by
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
123
Author(Present address) Supervisor
Dr. YukiHarada Dr. AkinoriSaito
Space SciencesLaboratory Department of Geophysics
Universityof California KyotoUniversity
Berkeley,CA Kyoto
USA Japan
ISSN 2190-5053 ISSN 2190-5061 (electronic)
ISBN 978-4-431-55083-9 ISBN 978-4-431-55084-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55084-6
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Parts of this thesis have been published in the following journal articles:
(cid:129) Harada, Y., S. Machida, Y. Saito, S. Yokota, K. Asamura, M. N. Nishino,
T. Tanaka, H. Tsunakawa, H. Shibuya, F. Takahashi, M. Matsushima, and
H.Shimizu(2010),Interactionbetweenterrestrialplasmasheetelectronsandthe
lunarsurface:SELENE(Kaguya)observations,Geophys.Res.Lett.,37,L19202,
doi: 10.1029/2010GL044574.
(cid:129) Harada, Y., S. Machida, Y. Saito, S. Yokota, K. Asamura, M. N. Nishino,
H. Tsunakawa, H. Shibuya, F. Takahashi, M. Matsushima, and H. Shimizu
(2012), Nongyrotropic electron velocity distribution functions near the lunar
surface, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A07220, doi: 10.1029/2012JA017642.
(cid:129) Harada,Y.,S.Machida,J.S.Halekas,A.R.Poppe,andJ.P.McFadden(2013),
ARTEMIS observations of lunar dayside plasma in the terrestrial magnetotail
lobe, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 3042–3054, doi: 10.1002/jgra.50296.
(cid:129) Harada, Y., S. Machida, Y. Saito, S. Yokota, K. Asamura, M. N. Nishino,
H. Tsunakawa, H. Shibuya, F. Takahashi, M. Matsushima, and H. Shimizu
(2013), Small-scale magnetic fields on the lunar surfaceinferred from plasma
sheet electrons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3362–3366, doi: 10.1002/grl.50662.
(cid:129) Harada,Y., Y. Futaana, S. Barabash, M. Wieser, P. Wurz, A. Bhardwaj, K.
Asamura,Y.Saito,S.Yokota,H.Tsunakawa,S.Machida(2014),Backscattered
energetic neutral atoms from the Moon in the Earth’s plasma sheet observed by
Chandarayaan-1/Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyzer instrument, J. Geophys.
Res., 119, 3573–3584, doi: 10.1002/2013JA019682.
v
’
Supervisor s Foreword
TheimportanceofunderstandingtheMoon–plasmainteractionhasbeenrecognized
since the early days of space age not only because it contains fundamental and
fascinatingplasmaphysicsbutalsobecausemeasurementsoflunarelectromagnetic
environment raised concerns for its possible impacts on human and robotic
exploration on the lunar surface. In this thesis, Yuki Harada has analyzed a wide
variety of data from recent lunar missions (i.e., Kaguya, ARTEMIS, and Chan-
drayaan-1) to investigate the basic aspects of lunar plasma environment in the
Earth’smagnetotail,wheretheMoonisbathedinahotplasmaofterrestrialplasma
sheet or in an extremely tenuous plasma of magnetotail lobes. The Moon–plasma
interactions in these plasma regimes make a clear contrast with those in the solar
wind, which consist of relatively cold, supersonic plasma.
From Kaguya observations, Dr. Harada reveals that nongyrotropic electron
velocity distribution functions are formed by electron absorption by the lunar
surface combined with the electron gyromotion. This is a unique observation
becauseusuallyitisdifficulttodetectnongyrotropicsignaturesofelectronsinspace
plasmas. In the hot plasma of the Earth’s plasma sheet, a typical electron gyrodi-
ameterbecomessolargethatKaguyacanmeasurethenongyrotropicelectronseven
at its nominal altitude of 100 km. Dr. Harada conducts test particle simulations to
comparewiththeseelectronobservations,takingintoaccountelectricandmagnetic
fields around the Moon. He also utilizes nonadiabatic magnetic scattering of high-
energyelectronsbylunarcrustalmagnetizationtoinfersmall-scalemagneticfields
on the lunar surface.
Dual-probe ARTEMIS observations, on the other hand, exhibit dominance of
plasma of lunar origin over the ambient plasma when the Moon is in the Earth’s
magnetotaillobes.Thelobeplasmaissotenuousthatthelunarplasma densitycan
beseveraltimeshigherthanthelobeplasmadensity.Thispresentworksuggeststhe
significant role in modifying the lobe plasma played by the ionized atmosphere of
the Moon, which is often thought of as an “airless” body.
Finally, Dr. Harada analyzed energetic neutral atom (ENA) data from Chan-
drayaan-1,showingthatplasmasheetprotonsarebackscatteredatthelunarsurface
vii
viii Supervisor’sForeword
as hydrogen ENAs. The ENA observations together with test particle simulations
suggest that the lunar mini-magnetosphere, which results from the solar–wind
interaction with the strongly magnetized region on the lunar surface, may “disap-
pear” in the Earth’s plasma sheet owing to the less effective magnetic shielding
from the hotter protons.
I believe that the results presented in this thesis are an outstanding contribution
to the literature and are relevant for understanding interactions of generally hot
plasma with the Moon as well as other airless bodies in the solar system and
beyond.
Kyoto, May 2014 Dr. Akinori Saito
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude for the guidance and support of my
formerthesisadvisor,Prof.ShinobuMachida.Iamgratefulforallhiscontributions
throughout this thesis both at Kyoto University and after he moved to Nagoya
University.Ialsogratefullyacknowledgemycurrentadvisor,Dr.AkinoriSaito,for
hisgeneroussupporttocompletethisthesis.Inaddition,Iexpressmyappreciation
to Emeritus Prof. T. Araki, Prof. T. Iyemori, Dr. H. Toh, Dr. M. Takeda,
Dr. M. Nosé, and other colleagues at the Solar-Planetary Electromagnetism
Laboratory and World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto. Their encouraging
and constructive comments have made my Ph.D. experience productive and
stimulating.
Ideeply thank Dr. Y.Saito,Dr. S. Yokota, Dr. K.Asamura, Dr.M.N.Nishino,
Prof. H. Tsunakawa, Prof. H. Shibuya, Dr. F. Takahashi, Dr. M. Matsushima,
Dr. H. Shimizu, and other MAP-PACE and MAP-LMAG team members for their
great support in processing and analyzing the MAP data. I am also grateful to the
system members of the SELENE project.
ToDr.J.S.Halekas,Dr.A.R.Poppe,Dr.J.P.McFadden,andothercolleaguesat
theSpace Sciences LaboratoryatU.C.Berkeley,Iamthankfulfortheopportunity
tovisitandcollaboratewiththeirNASAlunarscienceinstituteteamonARTEMIS
data analysis. I acknowledge NASA contract NAS5-02099 and V. Angelopoulos
foruseofdatafromtheTHEMISMission;J.W.BonnellandF.S.Mozerforuseof
EFI data; A. Roux and O. LeContel for use of SCM data; and K.H. Glassmeier,
U.Auster,andW.BaumjohannforuseofFGMdataprovidedundertheleadofthe
Technical University of Braunschweig and with financial support through the
German Ministry for the Economy and Technology and the German Center for
Aviation and Space (DLR) under contract 50 OC 0302.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Y. Futaana, Prof. S. Barabash,
and other colleagues at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics for their great
support for Chandrayaan-1 data analysis and my daily life in Kiruna during my
visit.
This work was supported by a Research Fellowship for Young Scientists,
awarded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Plasma Interactions with Solar System Bodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Bodies with Intrinsic Magnetic Fields
and Dense Atmospheres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Unmagnetized Bodies with Dense Atmospheres . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Airless Bodies with Intrinsic Magnetic Fields. . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.4 Airless Bodies Without Intrinsic Magnetic Fields . . . . . . 3
1.2 Solid Surfaces in Space Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Photoemission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Backscattering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Secondary Electron Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.4 Sputtering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.5 Surface Charging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Lunar Plasma Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 Lunar Wake in the Solar Wind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Solar–Wind Interactions with the Dayside
Lunar Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 Solar–Wind Interactions with Lunar Magnetic
Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.4 Moon–Plasma Interactions in the Earth’s Magnetotail . . . 11
1.3.5 Lunar Surface Charging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Lunar Exosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.1 Species and Abundances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.2 Source and Loss Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.3 Lunar Pickup Ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5 Objectives of the Thesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
xi