Table Of ContentINTERACTIONS BETWEEN
ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
AND ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA.
A SURVEY OF REGENT RESEARCH.
Edited by
MARTIN BENISTON
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
and
ROGER A. PIELKE
Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, U.S.A.
Reprinted from Boundary-Layer Meteorology
Vol. 41 , Nos. 1-4 (1987)
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Library of Congress Catalog ing in Publication Data
CIP-data appear on separate card.
ISBN 978-90-481-8445-3 ISBN 978-94-017-1911-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1911-7
AII Rights Reserved
© 1987 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland in 1987
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, record ing or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
T ABLE OF CONTENTS
MARTIN BENISTON and ROGER A. PIELKE I Foreward vii
PART 1
RESPONSE OF THE ATMOSPHERE TO WASTE-HEAT RELEASE
DANIEL A. SCHNEITER I Meteorological Impacts of the Cooling Tower of
the Goesgen Nuclear Power Plant 3
J .-M. GIOV ANNO NI I A Labaratory Analysis of Free Convection Enhanced
by a Heat lsland in a Calm and Stratified Environment 9
J. JOSS and G. RESELE I Mathematical Modelling of the Heat Exchange
Between a River and the Atmosphere 27
MIAO MANQIAN I Numerical Modeling of the Nocturnal PBL over the
Urban Heat Island in Changzhou City 41
PART2
MESOSCALE PROCESSES NUMERICAL MODELING, PHYSICAL
MODELING OBSERVATIONS
R. A. PIELKE, R. W. ARRITT, M. SEGAL, M. D. MORAN, and R. T.
McNIDER I Mesoscale Numerical Modeling of Pollutant Transport in
Camplex Terrain 59
MARTIN BENISTON I A Numerical Study of Atmospheric Pollution over
Camplex Terrain in Switzerland 75
B. W. GOLDING I The U.K. Meteorological Office Mesoscale Model 97
F. SCHUBIGER, G. DE MORSIER, and H. C. DAVIES I Numerical Sturlies
of Mesoscale Motion in a Mixed Layer over the Northern Alpine
Foreland 109
H. M. APSIMON and J. J. N. WILSON I Modelling Atmospheric Dispersal
of the Chernobyl Release Across Europe 123
TH. FLASSAK, and N. MOUSSIOPOULOS I An Application of an Efficient
Non-Hydrostatic Mesoscale Model 135
JOHN J. CARROLL, LUIS R-MENDEZ-NUNEZ, and SAFFET
T ANRIKULU I Aceurate Pressure Gradient Calculations in
Hydrostatic Atmospheric Models 149
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 3
ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION NUMERICAL MODELING, PHYSICAL
MODELING, OBSERVATIONS
N. E. BUSCH, S. E. GRYNING, N. 0. JENSEN, and I. TROEN I
Turbulence and Diffusion over Inhomogeneaus Terrain 173
A. C. M. BELJAARS, J. L. WALMSLEY, and P. A. TAYLER I Modelling
of Turbulence over Low Hills and Varying Surface Roughness 203
TOSHIHIRO KIT ADA I Turbulence Structure of Sea Breeze Front and its
lmplication in Air Pollution Transport - Application of k-E
Turbulence Model 217
M. SCHATZMANN, G. KÖNIG, and 0. A. LOHMEYER I Wind Tunnel
Modeling of Small-Scale Meteorological Processes 241
N. MOUSSIOPOULOS I A New Technique for the Solution of Diffusion
Equation Systems for Reacting Pollutants 251
G. PETERSEN, D. EPPEL, and H. GRASSL I Verification ofthe Pollutant
Transport Model 'MODIS' Using EPRI Plains Site Data from a Tall
Stack 265
R. TOUZANI I Finite Element Computation of Pollutant Transport in
Thermally Stratified Flows 279
NADEZDA SINIK and EDITA LONCAR I Eddy Energy Dissipation Rate
and Puff Diffusion During Calms 287
F. GASSMANN, and D. BÜRKI I Experimental Investigation of Atmospheric
Dispersion over the Swis's Plain - Experiment 'Siesta' 295
S. E. GRYNING, S. JOFFRE, and J. C. DORAN I The 0resund Experiment
- Wind and Temperature Structure over a Land-Water-Land Area 309
T. C. SPANGLER and A. 1. SCHANOT I A Standing Wave in Stahle
Drainage Flow Induced by a Small Industrial Facility 319
PART4
MICROPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION
S. TWOMEY, R. GALL, and M. LEUTHOLD I Pollution and Cloud
Reflectance 335
K. Ya. KONDRATYEV and V. I. BINENKO I Optical Properties of Dirty
Clouds 349
N. CHAUMERLIAC and R. ROSSET I Pollutant Scavening in a Mesoscale
Meteorological Model with Quasi-Spectral Microphysics 355
T ABLE OF CONTENTS v
L. T. KHEMANI, G. A. MOMIN, and MEDHA S. NAIK I Influence of
Atmospheric Pollutants on Cloud Microphysics and Rainfall 367
ROGER F. REINKING I Perspectives for Research in Wet Chemistry and
Unintentional Cloud Modification from the Discipline of Purposeful
Cloud Modification 381
GEORGE D. DJOLOV, DIMITAR L. YORDANOV, and DIMITAR E.
SYRAKOV I Modelling the Long-Range TransportofAir Pollutants·
with Atmospheric Boundary Layer Chemistry 407
P. J. H. BUILTJES and A. M. TALMON I Macro- and Micro-Scale Mixing
in Chemical Reactive Plumes 417
FOREWORD
The papers appearing in this volume are a selection of presentations
made during the International Conference on Energy Transformations
and Interactions with Small and Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes
(ICEA-87), held on the campus of the Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland, from 2 to 6 March, 1987. This was
a technical meeting attended by over 100 participants from 26
countries; of particular interest in this conference was the fact
that the backgrounds o f the part icipants were mult id isciplinary,
thereby allowing a fruit ful confrontation of ideas and results.
The papers in this volume reflect the main themes of the conference,
and represent the state of the art of research into :
the response of the atmosphere to waste-heat release
the interaction between energy transformations - a major source
of anthropogenic pollution of the atmosphere - and the local or
regional atmosphere
microphysical aspects of atmosphere-pollution relations
The papers of the invited lecturers who contributed to the meeting
have been inserted in this volume with little or no revision. These
include the work of R.A. PIELKE (Colorado State University, USA),
Niels BUSCH (Risoe, Denmark), S. TWOMEY (University of Arizona, USA)
and K. KONDRATYEV (Leningrad, USSR). The remaining papers have all
been submitted to the standard referee system of Boundary-Layer
Meteorology in order to ensure a high quality of scientific content.
It is hoped that this work, covering in a single volume a wide range
of subjects on mesoscale and small-scale meteorology, will serve as
a reference to all who are undertaking research in this field. The
results of research, applications, and data processing from
atmospheric experiments, numerical modeling, and wind or water
tunnel modeling presented in this volume should serve as guidelines
to our further understanding of the complex nature of Feedback
between man's activities and his atmospheric environment. .A better
grasp of this knowledge can in turn encourage interactions between
scientists and potential "end-users", such as energy policy-makers,
air pollution regulators, and industry management. This exchange
between research and public authorities ~ill become vital in coming
years if we are to preserve and protect our atmosphere
Martin Beniston Roger A. Pielke
Guest Editor Guest Editor
PART 1
RESPONSE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
TO WASTE-HEAT RELEASE
METEOROLOGICAL IMPACTS OF THE COOLING TOWER
OF THE GOESGEN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Daniel A. Sehneiter
Swiss Meteorological Institute
Les Invuardes
CH-1530 Payerne
Swi tzerf and
ABSTRACT. The m~in meteorological effect due to the G8sgen cool ing
tower is, in fact, the reduction of sunshine duration in the neür vicin
ity <1-2 km) of the power stütion. A network of five cinecameras pro
vides precise measurements on duration of shadowing, observed over a 2-
year period. With the assistance of a video system and graphic computer,
about 100,000 pictures have been treated one after the other. The
resulting statistics, calculated on 23 points in the vicinity of the
power station, give the detai led distribution of sunshine reduction due
to the p I ume.
1. INTRODUCTION
The objective of this study is to supply credible results which would be
satisfactory to the power station management as wel I as to the local
inhabitants. This brief report presents the chosen measuring method and
the principal results obtained after two years of cinematographic obser
vations.
The firstexperimental filmstaken as early as 1979 in the vicinity
of G8sgen power station (930 MW>, show that the shape of the vapour
plume emitted from the cooling towerwas very variable over the course
of time. Moreover, the shadow cast on the ground depended on the rela
tive position of the sun, a function of the hour and the seüson. It was
quickly confirmed that a relation exists between the direction of the
plume and the hour of thc day. In thcse conditions a study solely
b~sed
on the uti I isation of a numeric model of plume simulation and on the
calculation of shadow would have required input data (acrological sound
ings) bcing recordcd hourly. As it is pratically and economically diffi
cult to carry out such a great number of soundings, other solutions had
to be found.
Boundary-Layer Meteorology 41 (1987) 3--8.
© 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company.
4 DANIEL A. SCHNEITER
2. SHADOWING DUf~AHONS OOSLRVLO BY CJNECAMLRAS
2.1. Observation by cinecameras
According to figure 1 three cameras with horizontal axes were placed on
the cool ing tower at a Ievei of 100m above ground, orientated respec
tively west, north and east. The wide-angle lens of each camera covers
an angle of aperture of about 90 degrees. The deplacement of the shadow
projected from the cool ing tower and of thc vapour plume is thus
observed in a sector of about 270 degrees {i.e. +- 13S degrees bordering
north), which is more than sufficient in winter. In summer the direc
tions of the west and east cameras are sl ightly moved towards the south
{10 degrees) in order to obtain the most southerly shadowings in the
morning and evening. In this case the three observation sectors are no
Ionger contiguous.
Two other cameras were hoisted to the top of a television tower
situated 3 km south of the power station. From this view-point placed at
370m above the cool ing tower base, the vapour plumes were observed by
the eastern camera when the wind blows from the west and vice versa
{figure 1>. Each camera was pi loted by special ly developed electronic
control. This includes a quartz based clock, kept at the right time by
P
battery in the event of apower fai Iure. To avoid fi Im wastage, the cam·
eras were switched off during the night. In the daytime, a picture was
taken every 120 seconds <2 minutes). A display system superimposes, on
each picture, the date and exact time of the shot {year, day, hour,
minutes and seconds).
2.2. Processing of the fi lms by video
The super 8 fi lms are rec~rded on video cassette. This reduces the risks
of deterioration of the original fi lms, which are fi led. The video pro
cessing offers great advantages. The labelfing system al lows easy selec
tion of the known sequences. Through the editing system, second genera
tion cassettes are created from initial video recordings. They contain
only those sequences acceptable for examination (elimination of useless
sequences, and those f i I med in fog, in bad weather, in absence of sun).
Theoretically the shadowing durations could be measured at any
point within the vicinity of the power station, providing that it
appears in the field of view of a camera. Practical ly, only a finite
number of points could be considered in order to I imit the work required
for the data processing. In our study, 23 points were ultimately stu
died. The majority are situated in a 2 km radius of thc cool ing tower.
They were chosen mainly in residential areas. The hi I I to the north of
the station restricts the distance of the shadowing observation in this
sector. The uniqueniss of the site of GHsgen unfortunately I imits the
transposition of the results to other sites.
