Interactions Between Biosphere, Atmosphere and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin

470 Pages·2016·11.27 MB·English

by  Laszlo Nagy

Ecological Studies 227
Laszlo Nagy
Bruce R. Forsberg
Paulo Artaxo Editors
Interactions Between
Biosphere, Atmosphere
and Human Land Use
in the Amazon Basin
Ecological Studies, Vol. 227
Analysis and Synthesis
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Laszlo Nagy • Bruce R. Forsberg • Paulo Artaxo
Editors
Interactions Between
Biosphere, Atmosphere and
Human Land Use in the
Amazon Basin
Editors
LaszloNagy BruceR.Forsberg
DepartamentodeBiologiaVegetal InstitutoNacionaldePesquisasdaAmazonia
UniversidadeEstadualdeCampinas Manaus
Campinas Brazil
Brazil
PauloArtaxo
InstitutodeF´ısica
UniversidadedeS~aoPaulo
S~aoPaulo
Brazil
ISSN0070-8356 ISSN2196-971X (electronic)
EcologicalStudies
ISBN978-3-662-49900-9 ISBN978-3-662-49902-3 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-662-49902-3
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Preface
TheAmazonbasinisconsideredatreasuretroveofbiodiversity,whichhasyettobe
fully explored. The basin is also an important provider of a number of ecosystem
services,both provisioning andsupporting. These twofacets oftenclash asprovi-
sioningservicesthatrequirelandcoverchangecanradicallychangethecapacityof
naturalecosystemstomaintaintheirsupportingservices.Awell-knownexampleis
the much-debated impact of forest conversion to grazing and cropland that may
impacttheregionaltransportofmoisturefromtheAmazonbasintosouth-western
Brazil and the Plata basin in Argentina, currently contributing an estimated 20–
25%ofprecipitationintheseareas.Alongwithwater,carbonsequestrationbythe
native forest is thought to be offsetting anthropogenic CO emissions at both
2
regional and global scales. However, it is important that none of these or any
othermonetisable‘services’aretakenforgrantedastheir‘delivery’isfunctionof
short-termclimatevariation,itselflikelytobeinfluencedbyanthropogenicgreen-
house gas emissions. For example, the more or less neutral carbon balance at the
basin scale can be tipped to make the forest a carbon source in extreme drought
years,whichareoftencombinedwithincreasedfireoccurrence.Thefrequencyof
such extreme years is projected to increase. The Amazon forest is unique in the
strong coupling between forest functioning and climate. Many of the biological
processes in the forest influence precipitation and radiation balance, making this
couplingveryuniqueintheecosystemsofourplanet.
Amazonia,notwithstandingnationalsovereignties,isaworldheritageasset,beit
for its biodiversity or for its many services to humankind. This includes cultural
servicessuchasthescientificresearchpresentedinthisbook,whichcontributesto
an ever-increasing body of scientific knowledge on the Amazon (still
disproportionallysmallwhencomparedwiththevastnessoftheregion).Today,it
is imperative to use this knowledge to inform decisions on land use and develop-
ment in Amazonia (and the policy incentives behind them). Such decisions,
irrespective of the scale in question, require careful consideration and the partici-
pation of interdisciplinary teams of experts to help comply with national and
international commitments to maintain the integrity of the remaining natural
v
vi Preface
ecosystems so that future generations may also experience the joy that Amazonia
offersandtheresponsibilitiesthatitsconservationdemands.
The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all authors of the
chapters in this book for their contributions. We are indebted to Andrea
Schlitzberger, commissioning editor, for her encouragement in organising this
book and for her help during the process. We thank Detlef Schultze for his
commentsandthelargenumberofcolleagueswhoactedaschapterreviewers.
Campinas,Brazil LaszloNagy
Manaus,Brazil BruceR.Forsberg
S~aoPaulo,Brazil PauloArtaxo
Contents
PartI Introduction
1 InteractionsBetweenBiosphere,Atmosphere,andHuman
LandUseintheAmazonBasin:AnIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
LaszloNagy,PauloArtaxo,andBruceR.Forsberg
PartII Biosphere–AtmosphereInteractions
2 BiogenicVolatileOrganicCompoundsinAmazonianForest
Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
KolbyJardineandAngelaJardine
3 TheHydrologyandEnergyBalanceoftheAmazonBasin. . . . . . . 35
MichaelT.Coe,MarciaN.Macedo,PauloM.Brando,PaulLefebvre,
PrajjwalPanday,andDivinoSilve´rio
4 ExtremeSeasonalClimateVariationsintheAmazonBasin:
DroughtsandFloods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Jose´ A.Marengo,EarleR.Williams,LinclolnM.Alves,
WagnerR.Soares,andDanielA.Rodriguez
PartIII CarbonBalance
5 TheAmazonCarbonBalance:AnEvaluationofMethods
andResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
JohnGrace
6 ClimateandtheAmazonianCarbonBalance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
EmanuelGloor
7 AquaticEcosystems.. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 119
JohnM.Melack
vii
viii Contents
8 Ecosystem–AtmosphereExchangesofCO inDenseandOpen
2
‘TerraFirme’RainforestsinBrazilianAmazonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
AlessandroC.Arau´jo,CelsovonRandow,
andNataliaRestrepo-Coupe
9 OverviewofForestCarbonStocksStudyinAmazonasState,
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
NiroHiguchi,RempeiSuwa,FranciscoG.Higuchi,
AdrianoJ.N.Lima,JoaquimdosSantos,HideyukiNoguchi,
TakuyaKajimoto,andMoriyoshiIshizuka
PartIV EnvironmentalVariationandGlobalChange
10 RecentChangesinAmazonForestBiomassandDynamics. . . . . . 191
OliverL.Phillips,SimonL.Lewis,NiroHiguchi,andTimBaker
11 TheBiogeochemistryoftheMainForestVegetationTypes
inAmazonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
ErikaBuscardo,GabrielaNardoto,Fla´vioLuiz~ao,
MariaT.F.Piedade,JochenSch€ongart,FlorianWittmann,
ChristopherE.Doughty,CarlosA.Quesada,andLaszloNagy
12 Soil–VegetationInteractionsinAmazonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
CarlosA.QuesadaandJonLloyd
13 FiresinAmazonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
LuizE.O.C.Arag~ao,LianaO.Anderson,Andre´ Lima,andEgidioArai
14 ModellingAmazonianCarbonBudgetsandVegetation
DynamicsinaChangingClimate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
BartKruijt,PatrickMeir,MichelleJohnson,AnjaRammig,
SophieFauset,TimBaker,DavidGalbraith,CelsovonRandow,
andHansVerbeeck
PartV IntegratingConsiderationsBetweenBiophysicalandSocial
Aspects
15 LandUse,LandCoverandLandUseChangeintheBrazilian
Amazon(1960–2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
JeanP.Ometto,Era´clitoR.Sousa-Neto,andGracielaTejada
16 TheImpactofLandUseonCarbonStocksandFluxes
inBrazilianAmazonia:ImplicationsforPolicy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
PhilipFearnside
17 AnAmazonianForestandItsFragmentsasaLaboratory
ofGlobalChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
WilliamF.Laurance,Jose´ L.C.Camargo,PhilipM.Fearnside,
ThomasE.Lovejoy,G.BruceWilliamson,RitaC.G.Mesquita,
ChristophF.J.Meyer,PauloE.D.Bobrowiec,andSusanG.W.Laurance
Contents ix
18 TheSocioecologicalImplicationsofLandUseandLandscape
ChangeintheBrazilianAmazon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
ImaC.G.Vieira,PeterM.Toledo,andRobertoArau´joO.S.Jr.
PartVI PerspectivesfortheFuture
19 AmazoniainPerspectiveasaChangingEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . 465
PauloArtaxo,BruceR.Forsberg,andLaszloNagy
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471