Interactions Between Adjuvants, Agrochemicals and Target Organisms

204 Pages·1994·3.09 MB·English

by  G. G. Briggs

Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop 12
Interactions Between Adjuvants, Agrochemicals
and Target Organisms
Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop
Editors: Gunter Stock
Ursula-F. Habenicht
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Vol. 12
Interactions Between Adjuvants, Agrochemicals and Target Organisms
Editors: P. J. Holloway, R. Rees, D. Stock
Ernst Schering Research Foundation
Workshop 12
Interactions
Between Adjuvants,
Agrochemicals
and Target Organisms
P. J Halloway, R. T. Rees, D. Stock
Editors
With 52 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
ISBN 978-3-662-02990-9 ISBN 978-3-662-02988-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-02988-6
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Preface
Innovation is derived from a close interaction between basic research
and industry. the most recent pharmaceutical successes based on mole
cular biological research provide examples of this. Innovation demands
that researches learn about the developmental process, safety evalua
tion, production, and economics without downgrading their curiosity
driven research skills. This is an arduous task, but rewarding intellectu
ally and perhaps also financially.
The main aim of our research proactiveness and this workshop is to
encourage contact between such curiosity-driven researchers from aca
demia and product-driven research and development. The result is, ho
pefully, an identification of frontier science and the means for its appli
cation in the field of the interaction between adjuvants, agrochemicals,
and target organisms.
On reflection, there are many schools of thought on how to pursue
the optimization of an agrochemical formulation, or to find the best ad
juvant or adjuvant mixture to maximize the biological potential of an
agrochemical against the specified target. There are, however, two ex
tremes which must be reconciled. The first is the empirical approach.
This is a costly method, formerly very much "spray" and "pray" or
"spray" and "weigh", which in the past has predominated within the
industry. The other is the purely rational approach, where the formula
tion or adjuvant is designed using only theoretical considerations, the
reby integrating the findings of basic research.
Experience in the development of suitable formulations or adju
vants, a multidimensional problem, cannot easily be bought. It is hard
task and a skill-requiring process which necessitates a critical ey cou
pled with a creditable knowledge of the biological processes involved
VI Preface
Fig. 1. The participants of the workshop
in addition to the physicochemical field. The "spray" and "weigh" ima
ge of the industry, we hope, has long been buried, and we are sure we
will not let ourselves be fooled that once we know a compound's phy
sical and chemical properties, we know exactly which adjuvant we re
quire to maximize performance. Somewhere in between the extreme
approaches there is a cost-effective, efficient compromise. The objecti
ve of the workshop was to establish the working practice across the
disciplines and various fields of study in order to find that compromise.
Session of the workshop, dealt with physicochemical properties.
Geoff Briggs and Richard Bromilow highlight the importance of the
physicochemical properties of the active ingredient, allowing a more
rational judgement about the potential for modification of biological
activity by alteration of formulation variables. Here we would like to
understand more fully the limiting factors imposed by the physicoche
mical nature of the a. i. and formulation components. They have been
very willing to discuss the uptake and loss of the a. i. from the leaf sur
face with reference to choice of adjuvants. David Stock and Lorna Da
vies continue the physicochemical argument by presentin a case study
using a model fungicide and explore the formulation adjuvant interac
tion which can significantly influence foliar penetration of the a. i.
Interaction with the target surface was the subject of session 2. Ri
chard Falk surveys results of studies which have been conducted to in
vestigate the influence of adjuvants and formulation variables on the
foliar form of deposits and their distribution with respect to laf surface
features. Peter Holloway examines the physicochemical interactions
VII
between adjuvants, spray droplets, and plant surfaces relevant to the
modification of spray retention and coverage of the target, and presents
examples of the influence of spray additives under identical track
sprayer conditions (i. e. structure retention enhancement relationships).
Bill Lankford reviews the penetration of compounds through the insect
cuticle and proposes opportunities for the optimization of formulated in
secticide products. This is the only paper that concentrates specifically on
insects and mites and reopens the longstanding controversy over the path
ways by which compounds penetrate to their site of action through the in
sect cuticle. Walter Steurbaut presents and reviews data about the influen
ce of surfactants on the penetration and transport of fungicides into the
pathogen, in addition to the influence of infection on adjuvant activity.
In session 3, methodology for evaluation was discussed. Peter Hol
loway sets the scene with a paper written from a theoretical viewpoint,
suggesting methodology for monitoring specific adjuvant effects, and
identifying possible modes of action. Per Kudsk and Solvejg Mathias
sen present results on the assessment of formulations and adjuvants,
the influence of adjuvant dose, and adjuvants as modifiers of biological
activity under adverse application conditions. A section here is devoted
to describe nonlinear regression techniques which may be used to in
terpret more easily the results generated from whole plant bioassay stu
dies. Christian Gauvrit highlights some of the methodological pro
blems encontered in the study of oil-based adjuvants. It leads to a
discussion of the mechanisms involved, and how a better under
standing of them would help in the design new oil adjuvants.
We hope that this workshop was for some the beginning of a long
standing relationship between those representing frontier scientific re
search and those in the agrochemical industry, while for others it will
be a continuation of this process. Through the proceedings of this mee
ting, at the SchloB Cecilienhof in Potsdam, we have achieved what
cannot be gained from scouring the literature: that is, the accumulation
of the current knowledge as implied by the workshop's title, the ex
change of ideas between experts in their field, the documentation of
these ideas, and not only the planning for the future application of the
se ideas, but also the use of them as the basis to direct our own inhouse
research, and finally to improve and strengthen our cooperation with
all the invited participants.
R. T. REES
D. STOCK
Table of Contents
1 Influence of Physicochemical Properties on Uptake
and Loss of Pesticides and Adjuvants fonn the Leaf Surface
G. G. Briggs and R. H. Bromilow ...................... .
2 Foliar Penetration of Agrochemicals:
Limitations Imposed by Fonnulation Type
and Some Interactions with Adjuvants
D. Stock and L. E. Davies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
3 Influence of Fonnulation and Adjuvants on the Foliar
Location and Physical Fonn of the Active Ingredient
R. H. Falk .. ........................................ 53
4 Physicochemical Factors Influencing
the Adjuvant-Enhanced Spray Deposition and Coverage
of Foliage-Applied Agrochemicals
P.1. Holloway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
5 Factors Affecting Penetration of Compounds
Through the Cuticles of Insects and Mites
W. T. Lanliford ...................................... 107
6 Adjuvants and the Activity of Fungicides
w.
Steurbaut ....................................... 129
X Table of Contents
7 Evaluation of Adjuvant Modes of Action:
A Theoretical Approach
P. 1. Holloway ...................................... 143
8 Methodology for the Study of Spray Application
and Biological Efficacy of Herbicides on Pot-Grown Plants
P. Kudsk and S. K. Mathiassen ......................... 149
9 Methodology for Determining Foliar Penetration
of Herbicides with Reference to Oil-Based Adjuvants
C. Gauvrit ......................................... 171
Subject Index ........................................... 193
List of Contributors
G. G.Briggs
Schering Agrochemicals Limited, Chesterford Park, Saffron Walden,
Essex, CBlO IXL, UK
R. H. Bromilow
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station,
Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2IQ, UK
L. E. Davies
Schering Agrochemicals Limited, Chesterford Park, Saffron Walden,
Essex, CBlO IXL, UK
R.H.Falk
Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Plant Biology,
University of Calif omi a, Davis, 95616 CA, USA
c. Gauvrit
Laboratoire de Phytopharmacie, INRA BV 1540,
21034 Dijon Cedex, France
P. J. Holloway
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol,
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Long Ashton Research Station,
Bristol BS 18 9AF, UK
P. Kudsk
Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science,
Department of Weed Control and Pesticide Ecology, Flakkebjerg,
4200 Slagelse, Denmark