Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate

758 Pages·1993·14.852 MB·English

by  Martin Parry, Cynthia Rosenzweig (auth.), Michael B. Jackson, Colin R. Black (eds.)

NATO ASI Series
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I Global Environmental
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Series I: Global Environmental Change, Vol. 16
The ASI Series Books Published as a Result of
Activities of the Special Programme on
Global Environmental Change
This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research
Workshop held within the activities of the NATO Special Programme on
Global Environmental Change, which started in 1991 under the auspices
of the NATO Science Committee.
The volumes published as a result of the activities of the Special Programme
are:
Vol. 1: Global Environmental Change.
Edited by R. W. Corell and P. A. Anderson. 1991.
Vol. 2: The Last Deglaciation: Absolute and Radiocarbon Chronologies.
Edited by E. Bard and W. S. Broecker. 1992.
Vol. 3: Start of a Glacial. Edited by G. J. Kukla and E. Went. 1992.
Vol. 4: Interactions of C, N, P and S Biogeochemical Cycles and Global
Change. Edited by R. Wollast, F. T. Mackenzie and L. Chou. 1993.
Vol. 5: Energy and Water Cycles in the Climate System.
Edited by E. Raschke and D. Jacob. 1993.
Vol. 6: Prediction of Interannual Climate Variations.
Edited by J. Shukla. 1993.
Vol. 7: The Tropospheric Chemistry of Ozone in the Polar Regions.
Edited by H. Niki and K. H. Becker. 1993.
Vol. 8: The Role of the Stratosphere in Global Change.
Edited by M.-L. Chanin. 1993.
Vol. 9: High Spectral Resolution Infrared Remote Sensing for Earth's
Weather and Climate Studies.
Edited by A. Chedin, M.T. Chahine and N.A. Scott. 1993.
Vol. 10: Towards a Model of Ocean Biogeochemical Processes.
Edited by G. T. Evans and M.J. R. Fasham. 1993.
Vol. 11: Modelling Oceanic Climate Interactions.
Edited by J. Willebrand and D. L.T. Anderson. 1993.
Vol. 12: Ice in the Climate System. Edited by W. Richard Peltier. 1993.
Vol. 13: Atmospheric Methane: Sources, Sinks, and Role in Global
Change. Edited by M. A. K. Khalil. 1993.
Vol. 14:The Role of Regional Organizations in the Context of Climate
Change. Edited by M. H. Glantz. 1993.
Vol. 15:The Global Carbon Cycle.
Edited by M. Heimann. 1993.
Vol. 16: Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate.
Edited by M. B. Jackson and C. R. Black. 1993.
Interacting Stresses on Plants
in a Changing Climate
Edited by
Michael B. Jackson
Department of Agricultural Sciences
University of Bristol
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research
Long Ashton Research Station
Bristol, BS18 9AF, U.K.
Colin R. Black
Department of Physiology and Environmental Science
University of Nottingham
Sutton Bonington Campus
Loughborough, LE12 5RD, Leicestershire, U.K.
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Interacting
Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate, held in Wye College, University of
London, U.K., September 13-19,1992
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-78535-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-78533-7
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-78533-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Interacting stresses on plants in a changing climate / edited by Michael B. Jackson. Colin R. Black.
p. cm. - (NATO ASI series. Series I, Global environmental change; vol. 16)
"Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Interacting Stresses on Plants in a
Changing Climate held in London. U.K .. 13-19 September 1992" - T.p. verso. "Published in
cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes index.
1. Vegetation and climate-Congresses. 2. Plants. Effect of stress on-Congresses. 3. Climatic
changes-Congresses. I. Jackson, Michael B. II. Black, Colin R., 1948- . III. North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. IV. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Interacting
Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate (1992: London, England) V. Series.
QK754.5.156 1993 581.2'4-dc20 93-33946
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1993
Typesetting: Camera ready by authors
31/3145 -5 4 3 210 -Printed on acid-free paper
FOREWORD
Books dealing with climatic change are commonplace, as are those concerned with
effects of environmental stresses on plants. The present volume distinguishes itself from
earlier publications by highlighting several interrelated environmental stresses that are
changing in intensity as the climate warms in response to the accumulation of
'greenhouse' gases. The stresses examined at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop
upon which this book is based include atmospheric pollutants, flooding and sub
mergence, drought and cold. In future, successful farming or landscape management
will ultimately depend on strategies that offset the effects of these and other
environmental constraints, while exploiting more favourable features. However, the
predicted speed of climate change may exceed the rate at which new approaches to
farming, forestry, landscape management and genetic conservation can be developed
through experience and retroactive response. The alternative is to anticipate future needs
and thus identify appropriate management and legislative strategies by research and
discussion. The contents of this volume contribute to these vital processes, upon which
the productivity of agroecosystems and conservation of natural ecosystems may
increasingly depend. Those with any lingering doubts concerning the gravity of the
likely future situation are especially encouraged to read the opening chapter.
For convenience, chapters discussing pollution, flooding, drought and cold are
grouped in separate sections. However, many authors have taken care to emphasise that
interactions between the changing combinations of stresses pose particular problems for
plants and plant communities. This is especially clear with respect to atmospheric
pollutants and ultra-violet radiation, which may increase susceptibility to other stresses
such as frost or drought, while offsetting any beneficial effects of increased tem
peratures and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Such concerns are reiterated in the
final section of the book, where the conclusions of four working groups are sum
marised.
The contribution of molecular biology to understanding plant responses to stress
and to the prospects of increasing crop tolerance by genetic engineering offers an
attractive and direct approach both to academic studies and to the practical task of
improving crop performance in the face of stress. Several chapters deal with these
aspects. Progress seems most advanced with respect to cold tolerance, where a
VI
combination of physiology, lipid biochemistry and recombinant-DNA technology has
generated transformants with increased resilience to cold. The functional link between
information at the molecular level and the behaviour of whole plants subjected to
stresses other than cold awaits identification of more detailed physiological and
biochemical targets for genetic analysis and manipulation.
The Workshop was financed principally by NATO. We gladly acknowledge its
generosity, and also thank Mr LV Da Cunha, Programme Director of the NATO
Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division for his interest and support during
protracted negotiations. Attendance by young scientists was financed by grants from
The Annals of Botany Company, Rh6ne-Poulenc Agriculture and The Federation of
European Societies of Plant Physiology (FESPP). These organisations are thanked for
their invaluable support. The unstinting efforts of the Local Secretary, Dr Michael Blatt,
and his assistant, Dr Alison Wood-Tor, kept the four and a half intensive days of papers
and discussion running smoothly, while staff of Withersdane Hall and the Centre for
European Agricultural Studies created a country-house atmosphere that proved both
relaxing and conducive to informal discussion. On behalf of the Organising Committee,
we thank all who were concerned in these highly satisfactory domestic arrangements.
We also thank Mr John Whitehead for his excellent work in preparing the manuscripts
for publication.
The original intention was to hold the Workshop in Iceland, where both crops and
the natural flora are subject to a unique and harsh combination of environmental
stresses that would have provided an ideal backdrop to the Workshop. Unfortunately,
the highest cost of living in Europe imposed stresses of a financial kind that proved
unsurmountable, and the venue was switched to England. Nevertheless, a close link
with Iceland was retained. In this regard we thank Dr Bjarni Gudleifsson, a member of
the Organising Committee, for a superbly illustrated talk on Iceland's history, flora and
landscape, and Mr Jakob Flimann Magnusson of the Icelandic Embassy in London for
a memorable evening of Icelandic music and other cultural niceties.
Michael B Jackson
Colin R Black
27 April 1993
SYMPOSIUM ORGANISATION
ORGANISING COMMITTEE
M.B. Jackson, Workshop Director (UK)
c.R. Black, Secretary and Treasurer (UK)
M.R. Blatt, Local Secretary, Wye College (UK)
B.E. Gudleifsson (Iceland)
B.B. Vartapetian (Russia)
J.A.D. Zeevaart (USA)
SPONSORSHIP
PRINCIPAL SPONSOR
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Scientific Affairs Division, Special
Programme on the Science of Global Environmental Change
SUPPORTING SPONSORS
The Annals of Botany Company
The Federation of European Societies of Plant Physiology (FESPP)
RhOne-Poulenc Agriculture
PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR AFFILIATIONS
C.J. Andrews,
Plant Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa KIA OC6, Canada
W. Armstrong, .
Department of Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, The University, Hull HU6
7RX, UK
C. Arrese-Igor,
Departamento Producci6n Agraria, Universidad Publica de Navarra, E-31106
Pamplona, Spain
J.D. Barnes,
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Newcastle,
Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NEI 7RU, UK
C. Biel,
IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Carretera de Cabrils sin, 08348 Carbrils, Barcelona, Spain
C.R. Black,
Department of Physiology and Environmental Science, Nottingham University,
Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
V.J. Black,
Department of Geography, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough
LEll 3TU, UK
M.R. Blatt,
Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Wye College, University of
London, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK
A.M. Boudet,
Centre de Biologie et Physiologie Vegetales, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118, Route
de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
R. Brandle,
Universitat Bern, Pflanzenphysiologishes Institute, CH-3013 Bern, Altenbergrain 21,
Switzerland
N.A. Clarke,
Broom's Barn Experimental Station, Higham, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6NP,
UK
R.M.M. Crawford,
Department of Biological and Technical Medicine, Sir Harold Mitchell Building,
University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, UK
IX
W.J. Davies,
Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg,
Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
L. van der Eerden,
Research Institute for Plant Protection, PO Box 9060, 6700 GW Wageningen, The
Netherlands
H.Z. Enoch,
Soils and Water Institute, Volcani Centre, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan S02SD, Israel
T.W.-M. Fan,
Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Hoagland
Hall, Davis, California 95616, USA
A.M. Farmer,
English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PEl 1 UA, UK
B.E. Gudleifsson,
Agricultural Research Institute, Oseyri 2, IS-603 Akureyri, Iceland
G. Giiler,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Hacettepe
University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
A.D. Hanson,
Institut de Recherche en Biologie Vegetale, Universite de Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke
Street East, Montreal, Quebec H1X 2B2, Canada
W. Hartung,
Lehrstuhl Botanik I, Universitat Wiirzburg, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, D-8700
Wiirzburg, Germany
T.C. Hsiao,
Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Veihmeyer
Hall, Davis, California 95616, USA
M.B. Jackson,
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, AFRC Institute of Arable
Crops Research, Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol BS18 9AF, UK
C.R. Jensen,
Section of Soil and Water and Plant Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural
University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
T. Jesko,
Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Diibravska cesta
14,842 23 Bratislava, Czech and Slovak Federal Republic
x
B.R. Jordan,
Horticulture Research International, Worthing Road, Litt1ehampton, West Sussex
BN17 6LP, UK
Y. Y. Leshem,
Department of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
T. Madsen,
Botansk Institute, Aarhus University, Nordlandsvej 68, DK 8420 Risskov, Denmark
T.A. Mansfield,
Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg,
Lancaster LAI 4YQ, UK
S. MapeIli,
Istituto Biosintesi Vegetali, C.N.R., Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
M. Mattana,
Istituto Biosintesi Vegetali, C.N.R., Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
N. Murata,
National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japan
J. Murphy,
The Meteorological Office, Hadley Centre, London Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RH12
2SY, UK
P.M. Neumann,
The Lowdermilk Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Technion City, Haifa 32000,
Israel
S. Nogues,
Department of Biology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester C04 3SQ,
UK
M. Oliveira,
Departamento Fitotecnia, Universidade de Tras-Os-Montes E Alto Douto, 5000 Vila
Real, Portugal
J.J. Van Oosten,
Horticulture Research International, Worthing Road, Littlehampton, West Sussex
BN17 6LP, UK
M. Pages
Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Jorge Girona Salgado 18-26, 08034 Barcelona,
Spain