Table Of ContentInter- and Intra-Vehicle
Communications
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Inter- and Intra-Vehicle
Communications
Gilbert Held
Boca Raton New York
Auerbach Publications is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Auerbach Publications
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487‑2742
© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Auerbach is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑1‑4200‑5221‑3 (Hardcover)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted
material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are
listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the conse‑
quences of their use.
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Held, Gilbert, 1943‑
Inter‑ and intra‑vehicle communications / Gilbert Held.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978‑1‑4200‑5221‑3 (hardback : alk. paper)
1. Motor vehicles‑‑Automatic control. 2. Intelligent control systems. 3.
Traffic engineering. 4. Transportation, Automotive‑‑Communication systems.
I. Title.
TL240.H445 2007
629.2’7‑‑dc22 2007019850
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the Auerbach Web site at
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T&F_LOC_A_Master.indd 1 7/16/07 12:45:31 PM
Dedication
For over 20 years I have taught different graduate courses at Georgia College and
State University. During this time I have been blessed to have students that livened
up the classroom experience by not only being attentive, but also asking thought-
provoking questions. In recognition of those students, this book is dedicated to
those who asked both “why” and “how” as we examined various communications
concepts.
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Contents
Preface..........................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................xv
About.the.Author.........................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1
Introducing the Smart Vehicle................................................................1
1.1 Intra-Vehicle Communications ...........................................................2
1.1.1 Communications Protocols .....................................................2
1.1.2 Additional Intra-Vehicle Communication Functions ...............2
1.1.3 Systems and Sensors ................................................................2
1.1.3.1 Air Bag System ........................................................3
1.1.3.2 Air Conditioning and Climate Control System .......4
1.1.3.3 Braking System .......................................................4
1.1.3.4 Crash Sensors ..........................................................7
1.1.3.5 Engine Control Unit ...............................................8
1.1.3.6 Electronic Stability Control ...................................11
1.1.3.7 Steering .................................................................11
1.1.3.8 Infotainment System .............................................12
1.1.3.9 Integrated Starter Generator ..................................14
1.1.3.10 Lighting System ....................................................17
1.1.3.11 Power Train ...........................................................17
1.1.3.12 Seat Belt Sensors....................................................18
1.1.3.13 Tire Pressure Monitoring System ..........................19
1.1.3.14 Window and Door System ....................................19
1.2 Inter-Vehicle Communications .........................................................20
1.2.1 Cooperative Driving ..............................................................21
1.2.1.1 Accident Warning .................................................22
1.2.1.2 Frontal Collision Prevention..................................22
1.2.1.3 Hazard Warning ...................................................22
1.2.1.4 Intersection Alert ..................................................23
ii
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iii n Contents
1.2.1.5 Overtaking and Lane Change Assistance ..............23
1.2.1.6 Rear-End Collision Prevention ..............................23
1.2.1.7 Road Departure Prevention ...................................24
1.2.1.8 Speed Alert ............................................................24
1.2.2 Consumer Assistance.............................................................24
1.2.2.1 Traffic Information................................................24
1.2.2.2 Mobile Business Support .......................................25
1.2.2.3 Multimedia Services ..............................................25
1.2.3 Smart Parking .......................................................................25
1.3 Summary ..........................................................................................26
Chapter 2
Communications Fundamentals............................................................27
2.1 Fundamental Concepts .....................................................................28
2.1.1 Powers of 10 ..........................................................................28
2.1.2 Frequency ..............................................................................28
2.1.2.1 Signal Period .........................................................29
2.1.2.2 Wavelength ...........................................................29
2.1.3 Bandwidth ............................................................................29
2.1.4 Power Measurements .............................................................30
2.1.4.1 The Bel ..................................................................30
2.1.4.2 Log Relationships ..................................................30
2.1.4.3 The Decibel ...........................................................32
2.1.4.4 Decibel above 1 mW .............................................32
2.1.4.5 The Decibel Isotropic ...........................................34
2.1.4.6 Considering Power Limits ....................................34
2.1.4.7 Antenna Selection .................................................35
2.1.4.8 Receiver Sensitivity................................................36
2.1.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio ............................................................37
2.1.5.1 Thermal Noise .......................................................37
2.1.5.2 Categorizing Communications ..............................38
2.1.6 Transmission Rate Constraints ..............................................38
2.1.6.1 The Nyquist Relationship ......................................39
2.1.6.2 Shannon’s Law ......................................................39
2.2 Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocation .............................................41
2.2.1 U.S. Spectrum Allocation .....................................................41
2.2.2 Band Nomenclature ..............................................................41
2.2.3 Applications ..........................................................................43
2.3 Radar Operations ............................................................................44
2.3.1 Police Radar .........................................................................44
2.3.1.1 S-Band Radar ........................................................45
2.3.1.2 X-Band Radar .......................................................45
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Contents n ix
2.3.1.3 Ku-Band Radar .....................................................45
2.3.1.4 K-Band Radar .......................................................45
2.3.1.5 Ka-Band Radar .....................................................45
2.3.2 Types of Radar .....................................................................46
2.3.2.1 Laser Radar ..........................................................46
2.3.2.2 Collision Avoidance Radar ...................................46
2.4 IEEE Wireless LANs ........................................................................47
2.4.1 IEEE Standards .....................................................................47
2.4.1.1 The 802.11 Standard .............................................47
2.4.1.2 The 802.11a Standard ............................................48
2.4.1.3 The 802.11b Standard ...........................................49
2.4.1.4 The 802.11g Standard............................................49
2.4.1.5 The 802.11n Standard ...........................................49
Chapter 3
Communications Technologies.............................................................51
3.1 Transmission Technologies ...............................................................51
3.1.1 Cellular Communications .....................................................52
3.1.1.1 GSM .....................................................................52
3.1.1.2 CDMA ..................................................................55
3.1.1.3 Bluetooth ..............................................................57
3.1.1.4 Wireless LANs .....................................................60
3.2 MANET ..........................................................................................66
3.2.1 Mesh Networking .................................................................67
3.2.1.1 Network Formation...............................................67
3.2.1.2 Area of Coverage ...................................................67
3.2.1.3 The IEEE 802.11s Standard ..................................68
3.2.1.4 Understanding MANET .......................................70
Chapter 4
The Local Interconnect Network..........................................................79
4.1 Overview ..........................................................................................79
4.1.1 Founding Members ...............................................................79
4.1.2 Goal .....................................................................................80
4.1.3 Applications .........................................................................80
4.2 The LIN Specification .......................................................................81
4.2.1 The Specification Components ..............................................82
4.2.1.1 The Physical Layer .................................................82
4.2.1.2 Master–Slave Relationship ....................................83
4.2.1.3 Interference ...........................................................83
4.2.1.4 Examining the Master–Slave Relationship ............83
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