Table Of ContentTable of Contents
Cover
Title Page
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Foreword
Introduction
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Technologies and Applications
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Part 1: Intelligent Transportation Systems
1 Reference ITS Architectures in Europe
1.1 Introduction
1.2 FRAME: The European ITS Framework Architecture
1.3 Cooperative Systems and Their Impact on the European ITS Architecture
Definition
1.4 Experiences in ITS Architecture Design
References
2 Architecture Reference of ITS in the USA
2.1 Introduction
2.2 National ITS Architecture in the USA
2.3 Origins of ITS Architecture in the USA
2.4 US National ITS Architecture Definition
2.5 Impact on ITS Development in USA
2.6 Evolution of the National ITS Architecture
References
Part 2: Wireless Vehicular Communications
3 Wireless Communications in Vehicular Environments
3.1 Background and History of Vehicular Networking
3.2 Vehicular Networking Approaches
3.3 Vehicular Ad-hoc Networking
References
4 The Case for Wireless Vehicular Communications Supported by Roadside
Infrastructure
4.1 Introduction
4.2 MAC Solutions for Safety Applications in Vehicular Communications
4.3 Vehicular Flexible Time-triggered Protocol
4.4 V-FTT Protocol Details
4.5 Conclusions
References
5 Cyber Security Risk Analysis for Intelligent Transport Systems and In-vehicle
Networks
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Automotive Cyber Security Vulnerabilities
5.3 Standards and Guidelines
5.4 Threat Identification
5.5 Unified Analysis of Security and Safety Risks
5.6 Cyber Security Risk Management
5.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
6 Vehicle Interaction with Electromagnetic Fields and Implications for Intelligent
Transport Systems (ITS) Development
6.1 Introduction
6.2 In-vehicle EM Field Investigation and Channel Characterization
6.3 Field Simulation Tools and Techniques
6.4 In-vehicle EM Field Measurement
6.5 Simulation of Field Distribution and Antenna Placement Optimization
6.6 Occupant Field Exposure and Possible Field Mitigation Methods
6.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
7 Novel In-car Integrated and Roof-mounted Antennas
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Antennas for Broadcast Radio
7.3 Antennas for Telematics
7.4 Antennas for Intelligent Transportation Systems
7.5 Intelligent and Smart Antennas
7.6 Conclusions
References
Part 3: Sensors Networks and Surveillance at ITS
8 Middleware Solution to Support ITS Services in IoT-based Visual Sensor Networks
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Visual Sensor Networks and IoT Protocols
8.3 Proposed Middleware Architecture for IoT-based VSNs
8.4 Middleware Instantiation for the Parking Lot Monitoring Use Case
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 Smart Cameras for ITS in Urban Environment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Applications to Urban Scenarios
9.3 Embedded Vision Nodes
9.4 Implementation of Computer Vision Logics on Embedded Systems for ITS
9.5 Sensor Node Prototype
9.6 Application Scenarios and Experimental Results
9.7 Conclusions
References
Part 4: Data Processing Techniques at ITS
10 Congestion Prediction by Means of Fuzzy Logic and Genetic Algorithms
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hierarchical Fuzzy Rule-based System (HFRBS)
10.3 Genetic Hierarchical Fuzzy Rule-based System (GHFRBS)
10.4 Dataset Configuration and Simplification
10.5 Experimentation
10.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
11 Vehicle Control in ADAS Applications: State of the Art
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Vehicle Control in ADAS Application
11.3 Control Levels
11.4 Some Previous Works
11.5 Key Factor for Vehicle Control in the Market
11.6 ADAS Application From a Control Perspective
11.7 Conclusions
References
12 Review of Legal Aspects Relating to Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Vehicle Type Approval
12.3 Trends in Vehicle Automation
12.4 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
12.5 Liability Issues
12.6 Best Practice for Complex Systems Development
12.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Part 5: Applications and Services for Users and Traffic Managers
13 Traffic Management Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Traffic Management Framework
13.3 Key Stakeholders
13.4 Traffic Management Centres
13.5 Conclusions
References
14 The Use of Cooperative ITS in Urban Traffic Management
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Cooperative Ramp Metering
14.3 Incident Management in Urban Areas
14.4 Public Transport Cooperative Priorities
14.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
15 Methodology for an Intelligent in-Car Traffic Information Management System
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Validation Framework
15.3 HMI Design Methodology
15.4 Case Study
15.5 Conclusions
References
16 New Approaches in User Services Development for Multimodal Trip Planning
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Travel Planning Information Systems
16.3 Integrating Linked Open Data for Multimodal Transportation
16.4 Conclusions
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Foreword
Some international ITS research projects.
Chapter 02
Table 2.1 Functional requirements from ITS architecture.
Table 2.2 Standards mapped to project information flows.
Chapter 03
Table 3.1 The main features of the communication methods related to vehicular
networking.
Chapter 04
Table 4.1 Brief state of the art on MAC protocols for vehicular safety applications.
Chapter 05
Table 5.1 Security actors and their interests/motivations.
Table 5.2 Attack trees evaluated in the EVITA project.
Table 5.3 Proposed severity classification for automotive security threats.
Table 5.4 Rating of aspects of attack potential.
Table 5.5 Proposed mapping between attack potential and attack success probability.
Table 5.6 Controllability of automotive safety hazards.
Table 5.7 Tabular representation of security risk graph mapping risk level to severity,
combined attack success probability and controllability.
Table 5.8 Compressed tabular representation for attack trees augmented with risk
analysis parameters.
Table 5.9 Mapping asset attacks to risks and security requirements.
Table 5.10 Proposed mapping of EVITA risk levels to EAL, ASIL and SIL (IEC 61508
and MISRA).
Chapter 06
Table 6.1 European frequency bands for wireless technologies found in the automotive
environment.
Table 6.2 Electrical properties (at 3 GHz) of representative dielectric materials used
in vehicles.
Table 6.3 Average electric field within vehicle cabin at various frequencies.
Table 6.4 Power levels required to reach or exceed SAR limits.
Table 6.5 RF properties of materials investigated for field mitigation (2 GHz).
Table 6.6 Change in in-vehicle field levels due to sheets of lossy foam placed on front
seats.
Chapter 08
Table 8.1 Code size and RAM requirements on the Seed-Eye device.
Chapter 09
Table 9.1 Traffic flow performance comparison between preliminary (V1) and final
(V2) versions.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Comparison of the complexity of Fuzzy AdaBoost, Fuzzy LogitBoost and
Fuzzy Chi-RW with GHFRBS in terms of #V, #R and #V/R.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Summary of vehicle subcategory definitions of EC Directive 2007/46/EC
[4].
Table 12.2 Levels of vehicle automation, summarizing NHTSA definitions [19].
Table 12.3 Levels of vehicle automation, summarizing SAE J3016 definitions [20].
Table 12.4 Characteristics of vehicle automation and application categories proposed
by BASt [21].
Table 12.5 Controllability of automotive safety hazards [28].
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 e analysis between different traffic control algorithms.Results of
comparative analysis between different traffic control algorithms.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Example of the Signal Model for a road message.
Table 15.2 Warning levels for the Representation Model of the IIMS.
Table 15.3 Signal model for the traffic signs of the case study.
Table 15.4 Final relevance of the signs for different driving conditions.
Table 15.5 Prioritization of incoming messages for different driving situations.
Table 15.6 Final relevance of the signs in Context C.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 5-star Linked Data rating system.
List of Illustrations
Foreword
Intelligent Transportation Systems conceptual model.
Chapter 01
Figure 1.1 General methodology to create an ITS architecture and scope of FRAME
architecture. © 2009 PJCL.
Figure 1.2 Cybercars-2 functional architecture [19].
Figure 1.3 Cybercars-2 communications architecture [19].
Figure 1.4 Sample of data flow diagram produced for MoveUs trip planning
functionality [20].
Figure 1.5 MoveUs operational scenario [20].
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1 Systems engineering process steps for National ITS architecture
development.
Figure 2.2 Physical partitioning of functions.
Figure 2.3 ITS service: network surveillance [5].
Figure 2.4 Transit Signal Priority project architecture example.
Figure 2.5 ITS architecture application in systems engineering [6].
Figure 2.6 Transit Signal Priority project subsystem mapping in Turbo Architecture™.
Chapter 03
Figure 3.1 The technological development of vehicular networking related wireless
communication.
Figure 3.2 Different environments in vehicular networking.
Figure 3.3 The taxonomy of vehicular networking.
Figure 3.4 WiSafeCar pilot system in operation.
Figure 3.5 Road Weather Station user interface in the Internet (and vehicular
networking).
Chapter 04
Figure 4.1 Definition of Safety Zone (S ).
z
Figure 4.2 RSU distribution along the motorway.
Figure 4.3 Round Robin scheme for RSU transmission slot in the IW (S =3).
IW
Figure 4.4 Vehicle information flow diagram.
Figure 4.5 Proposed Vehicular FTT (V-FTT) protocol.
Figure 4.6 Trigger message frame.
Figure 4.7 Number of vehicles per lane per km for an average vehicle length of 4,58 m.
Figure 4.8 IEEE 802.11p/WAVE synchronization interval
Figure 4.9 V-FTT protocol adaptation to IEEE802.11p/WAVE (normal mode).
Chapter 05
Figure 5.1 Generic vehicle network architecture assumed in the development of the
EVITA use cases.
Figure 5.2 Generic attack tree model.
Chapter 06
Figure 6.1 Typical work flow for vehicle CAD processing.
Figure 6.2 Example of complex CAD geometry for the outer surfaces of a vehicle.
Figure 6.3 Simplified vehicle CAD derived for use in EM simulation.
Figure 6.4 Hexahedral volume mesh used for time-domain simulation, with side
window glazing removed to show internal structures.
Figure 6.5 Triangular surface mesh used for frequency domain simulation.
Figure 6.6 Low disturbance scanning frame.
Figure 6.7 Cumulative distribution of measured and simulated field in vehicle cabin at
900 MHz.
Figure 6.8 Cumulative distribution of measured and simulated field in vehicle cabin at
1800 MHz.
Figure 6.9 Location of source antenna within vehicle.
Figure 6.10 Field distribution within vehicle with source antenna at location A.
Figure 6.11 Field distribution within vehicle with source antenna at location B.
Figure 6.12 Histograms illustrating electric field distributions within a vehicle.
Figure 6.13 3D electric field distribution within vehicle due to monopoles mounted at
the storage compartment, shown in various 2D cut planes.
Figure 6.14 Overview of steps involved in assessing vehicle occupant exposure to EM
field.
Figure 6.15 Comparison of 900 MHz electric field levels in vehicle with and without
human occupants.
Figure 6.16 Locations of sheets of lossy foam material within vehicle.
Figure 6.17 Effects of lossy sheet on far-field radiation pattern (Theta = 90o).
Chapter 07
Figure 7.1 Typical roof mounted rod antennas with an amplification circuit.
Figure 7.2 Typical roof mounted multi-band antenna in the USA; contains a base with a
larger footprint.
Figure 7.3 Typical design configuration used to achieve AM and FM radio
functionality.
Figure 7.4 Typical rear screen antenna configuration.
Figure 7.5 Typical rear side screen configuration as used for phase diversity.
Figure 7.6 Typical front screen antenna, which integrates AM, FM, DAB, DVB and
Keyless Entry functionality.
Figure 7.7 Antennas printed on a film.
Figure 7.8 PCB type antenna.
Figure 7.9 Roof-mounted telematics antenna.
Figure 7.10 Conventional Planar Inverted F antenna.
Figure 7.11 Antennas using two feed locations to excite the element.
Figure 7.12 A unique element design that provides operation for Satellite Radio and
GNSS.
