Intelligent Knowledge-Based Systems: Business and Technology in the New Millennium

2040 Pages·2005·43.071 MB·English

by  Xuan F. Zha, Ram D. Sriram (auth.), Cornelius T. Leondes (eds.)

INTELLIGENT KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS
BUSINESSAND TECHNOLOGYIN THENEWMILLENNIUM
VOLUME 1
KNOWLEDGE-BASEDSYSTEMS
INTELLIGENT KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS
BUSINESSAND TECHNOLOGY IN THE NEWMILLENNIUM
VOLUME 1
KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS
Edited by
CORNELIUS T. LEONDES
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,USA
....
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Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-PublicationData
Intelligentknowledge-basedsystems: businessandtechnologyinthe new millennium. /
edited byCorneliusT.Leondes.
Includesbibliographical referencesandindex.
Contents:v.1.Knowledge-basedsystems-v.2.Informationtechnology-
v.3.Expertandagentsystems-v.4.Intelligentsystems-
v.5.Neural networks, fuzzytheoryandgenetic algorithms.
ISBN 1-40207-746-7(set)-ISBN1-40207-824-2(v.1)-ISBN 1-40207-825-0(v.2)-
ISBN 1-40207-826-9(v.3)-ISBN 1-40207-827-7(vA)-ISBN 1-40207-828-5(v.5)
ISBN 1-40207-829-3(electronic book set)
(LOC informationtofollow.)
Copyright©2005byKJuwerAcademic Publishers
Allrightsreserved. No partofthiswork maybereproduced,storedinaretrieval
systemsortransmittedinanyform orbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,
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Printedonacid-jreepaper.
Printedinthe UnitedStatesofAmerica.
CONTENTS
Foreword VII
Preface IX
Listofcontributors Xlll
Volume 1. Knowledge-Based Systems
1.Platform-BasedProductDesign andDevelopment: KnowledgeSupportStrategy
and Implementation 3
XUAN F.ZHA AND RAMD. SRIRAM
2.KnowledgeManagementSystemsin ContinuousProductInnovation 36
MARIANO CORSO, ANTONELLA MARTINI, LUISA PELLEGRINI, AND EMILIO PAOLUCCI
3.Knowledge-BasedMeasurementofEnterprise Agility 67
NIKOS c.TSOURVELOUDIS
4.Knowledge-BasedSystemsTechnologyin the Make orBuy Decisionin Manufacturing
Strategy 83
P.HUMPHREYS AND R. MCIVOR
5.IntelligentInternetInformation Systemsin Knowledge Acquisition: Techniques
andApplications 110
SHIAN-HUALIN
6.Aggregator: AKnowledgeBasedComparison ChartBuilderfor eShopping 140
F.KOKKORAS, N. BASSILIADES, AND I. VLAHAVAS
v
vi Contents
7.Impact ofthe IntelligentAgent Paradigm on Knowledge Management 164
JANIS GRUNDSPENKIS AND MARITE KIRIKOVA
8.MethodsofBuildingKnowledge-BasedSystemsApplied inSoftwareProject
Management 207
CEZARYORLOWSKI
9.SecurityTechnologies to GuaranteeSafeBusinessProcessesin Smart Organizations 246
ISTVAN MEZGAR
10.BusinessProcessModellingand ItsApplications in the BusinessEnvironment 288
BRANEKALPIC, PETER BERNUS, AND RALFMUHLBERGER
11.KnowledgeBasedSystemsTechnologyand Applications in Image Retrieval 346
EUGENE DI SCIASCIO, FRANCESCO M. DONINI, AND MARINA MONGIELLO
FOREWORD
Almost unknown to the academic world, and to the general public, the application
ofintelligent knowledge-based systems israpidly and effectively changing the future
ofthe human species. Today, human well-being is, asit has been for all ofhistory,
fundamentally limited by the size of the world economic product. Thus, if human
economicwell-being(whichIpersonallydefineasthebottomcentileannualpercapita
income)iseversoon to reach an acceptable level (e.g., the equivalent of$20,000 per
capita per annum in 2004), then intelligent knowledge-based systems must be em-
ployed in vast quantities. This is primarily because ofthe reality that few humans
live in efficient societies (such asthe United States, Canada,Japan, the UK, France,
and Germany, for example) and that inefficient societies, many of which are already
large, and growing larger, may require many decades to become efficient. In the
meantime, billionsofpeople will continue to suffereconomic impoverishment-an
impoverishmentthatinefficient humanlabor cannotremedy.To create the extraeco-
nomic output so urgently needed, we have only one choice: to employ intelligent
knowledge-based systems in great numbers, which will produce economic output
prodigiously,but willconsume hardly at all.
This multi-volume major reference work, architected by its editor, Cornelius T.
Leondes,providesawealthof'casestudies' illustratingthe stateofthe art inintelligent
knowledge-based systems. In contrast to ordinary academic pedagogy, where 'ivory
tower'abstraction andelegancearetheguidingprinciples,practicalapplicationsrequire
detailed relevant examplesthat can be used by practitionersto successfully innovate
new operationalcapabilities. The economicprogressofthe speciesdepends upon the
vii
viii Foreword
flow ofthese innovations, which requiresmulti-volume major reference workswith
carefullyselected,well-written,andwell-edited'casestudies.'ProfessorLeondesknows
these realitieswell, and the fivevolumesin thiswork resoundinglyreflect hissuccess
in achieving their requirements.
Volume 1addressesKnowledge-Based Systems.Theseeleven chaptersconsiderthe
basicquestionofhow accumulateddataandstaffexpertise frombusinessoperations can
be abstracted into valuableknowledge,andhow such knowledge canthen be applied
toongoingoperations.Wideandrepresentativesituationsareconsidered,rangingfrom
product innovation anddesign,to intelligent databaseexploitation,to businessmodel
analysis.
Volume2,InformationTechnology,addressesintenchapterstheimportantquestion
ofhow data should be stored and used to maximize its overall value. Case studies
consider a wide variety ofapplication arenas: product development, manufacturing,
product management, and evenproduct pricing.
Volume 3 addressesExpert and Agent Systemsin ten chapters. Application arenas
considered include image databases,businessprocess monitoring, e-commerce, and
production planning and scheduling. Again, the coverage is designed to provide a
wide range of perspectives and business-function concentrations to help stimulate
innovation bythe reader.
Volume 4, Intelligent Systems, provides nine chapters considering such topics as
mission-criticalfunctions,businessforecasting,medicalpatientcare,andproductdesign
anddevelopment.
Volume5addressesNeuralNetworks,FuzzyTheory,andGenetic AlgorithmTech-
niques. Itsten chapters coverexamplesinareasincludingbioinformatics,productIife-
cyclecostestimating,productdevelopment,computer-aideddesign,productassembly,
and facilitylocation.
The examples assembled by Professor Leondes in this work provide a wealth of
practical ideasdesigned to trigger the development ofinnovation. The contributors
to thisgrandprojectareto be congratulatedforthe major effortstheyhaveexpended
in creatingtheirchapters.Humanseverywherewillsoon benefitfrom the casestudies
provided herein. Intelligent Knowledge-Based Systems: Businessand Technology in
the New Millennium,isareferencework thatbelongsonthe deskofeveryinnovative
technologist.
It has taken many decades ofexperience and unflagging hard work for Professor
Leondes to accumulate the wisdom andjudgment reflected in his editorial steward-
ship ofthis reference work. Wisdom and judgment are rare-but indispensable-
commodities that cannot be obtained in any other way. The world of innovative
technology,and the world atlarge,stand in hisdebt.
Robert Hecht-Nielsen
Computational Neurobiology
Institute for NeuralComputation
Department ofElectricalandComputerEngineering
UniversityofCalifornia, SanDiego
PREFACE
At the start ofthe 20th century, national economieson the internationalscene were,
toalargeextent,agriculturallybased. Thiswas,perhaps,the dominant reason for the
protraction, on the international scene, ofthe Great Depression, which began with
the Wall Street stock market crash of October, 1929. After World War II the trend
away from agriculturally based economies and toward industrially based economies
continued and strengthened. Indeed, today, in the United States,approximatelyonly
1% ofthe population isinvolved in the agriculture requirements ofthe US and, in
addition,providessignificantagriculture exports.This,ofcourse,ismadepossibleby
thegreatlyimproved techniquesand technologiesutilized in theagricultureindustry.
Thetrend toward industriallybasedeconomiesafterWorld WarIIwas,inturn, fol-
lowedbyatrendtoward service-basedeconomies.In theUnitedStatestoday,roughly
over 70%ofthe employment isinvolvedwith serviceindustries-and thispercentage
continuesto increase.Separately,theelectronic computer industrybeganto takehold
in the early 1960s, and thereafter alwaysseemed to exceed expectations. For exam-
ple,the firstlarge-scalesalesofan electronic computer were ofthe rEM 650.At that
time, projections were that the totalsalesfor the United Stateswould be twenty-five
rEM 650computers.Beforethefirstone came offtheprojectionline,rEM hadinitial
orders for over 30,000. That was thought to be huge by the standards of that day,
and today it isavery miniscule number, tosaynothingofthe fact that itscomputing
power wasalso very miniscule by today'sstandards. Computer mainframes contin-
ued togrow inpowerandcomplexity.Atthesametime,GordonMoore,of"Moore's
Law"fame,andhiscolleaguesfoundedINTEL.Thenaround1980M[CROSOFTwas
ix
x Preface
founded,but itwasnot untilthe early1990s,not thatlongago,thatWINDOWSwere
created- incidentally,aftertheAPPLEcomputerfamilystarted.Thefirstbrowserwas
the NETSCAPE browser,which appearedin 1995,alsonot thatlongago. Ofcourse,
computer networking equipment, most notably CISCO's, also appeared about that
time. Toward the end ofthe last century the "DOT COM bubble" occurred and
"burst" around 2000.
Coming to the new millennium,tormostofourhistorythe wealth ofanation was
limited bythe sizeandstaminaofthe work force.Today,nationalwealthismeasuredin
intellectual capital. Nationspossessingskillfulpeople in such diverseareasasscience,
medicine, business, and engineering produce innovations that drive the nation to a
higherqualityoflife.Tobetterutilizethesevaluableresources,intelligent,knowledge-
based systemstechnology hasevolved at arapid and significantlyexpanding rate,and
can be utilized by nations to improve their medical care, advance their engineering
technology,andincreasetheir manufacturingproductivity,aswellasplayasignificant
rolein averywide varietyofotherareasofactivityofsubstantivesignificance.
The breadth ofthe majorapplication areasofintelligent,knowledge-basedsystems
technologyisvery impressive.Theseinclude the following,amongotherareas.
Agriculture Electronics
Business Engineering
Chemistry Environment
Communications Geology
ComputerSystems Image Processing
Education Information
Management Military
Law Mining
Manufacturing Power Systems
Mathematics Science
Medicine SpaceTechnology
Meteorology Transportation
It is difficult now to imagine an area that will not be touched by intelligent,
knowledge-basedsystems technology.
Thegreatbreadthandexpandingsignificance ofsuch abroad fieldon theinterna-
tionalscene requires amulti-volume,major reference work to provide an adequately
substantive treatment ofthe subject,"Intelligent Knowledge-BasedSystems:Business
and Technology ofThe New Millennium." Thiswork consistsofthe following dis-
tinctlytitled andwellintegrated volumes.
Volume I. Knowledge-BasedSystems
Volume II. Information Technology
Volume III. Expertand Agent Systems
Volume IV IntelligentSystems
Volume V NeuralNetworks
This five-volume set on intelligent knowledge-based systemsclearly manifests the
greatsignificance ofthesekeytechnologiesfor the neweconomiesofthe new millen-
nium. The authors are allto be highly commended for their splendid contributions,
whichtogetherwillprovide asignificantand uniquelycomprehensivereference source
forresearchworkers, practitioners, computerscientists,students, and others on the in-
ternational scene foryearsto come.
Cornelius T. Leondes
University ofCalifornia, LosAngeles
January 5, 2004