Intelligence Elsewhere: Spies and Espionage Outside the Anglosphere

320 Pages·2013·1.409 MB·English

by  Philip H. J. Davies, Kristian C. Gustafson

INTELLIGENCE ELSEWHERE
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I N T E L L I G E N C E
E L S E W H E R E
Spies and Espionage outside the Anglosphere
PHILIP H. J. DAVIES
and
KRISTIAN C. GUSTAFSON
Editors
GeorgetownUniversityPress
Washington,DC
(cid:2)2013GeorgetownUniversityPress.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybe
reproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including
photocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without
permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
libraryofcongresscataloging-in-publicationdata
Davies,PhilipH.J.
Intelligenceelsewhere:spiesandespionageoutsidetheanglosphere/PhilipH.J.Davies
andKristianC.Gustafson,Editors.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-58901-956-0(pbk.:alk.paper)
1.Intelligenceservice—Cross-culturalstudies. 2.Spies. 3.Espionage. I.Gustafson,
Kristian,1974– II.Title.
JF1525.I6.D39 2013
327.12—dc23
2012021672
(cid:3)(cid:2)Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepapermeetingtherequirementsoftheAmerican
NationalStandardforPermanenceinPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials.
15 14 13 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Firstprinting
CONTENTS
PartI: IntroductionandTheory
1 AnAgendafortheComparativeStudyofIntelligence:
YetAnotherMissingDimension 3
PhilipH.J.DaviesandKristianC.Gustafson
2 PoliticalCulture:ApproachesandProspects 13
StephenWelch
PartII: IntelligenceCultureoutsidetheAnglosphere
3 SubversiveInformation:TheHistoricalThrustofChinese
Intelligence 29
RalphD.Sawyer
4 TheOriginalSurveillanceState:Kautilya’sArthashastraand
GovernmentbyEspionageinClassicalIndia 49
PhilipH.J.Davies
5 ProtectingtheNewRome:ByzantineInfluencesonRussian
Intelligence 67
KristianC.Gustafson
6 OriginsofanArabandIslamicIntelligenceCulture 89
AbdulazizA.Al-Asmari
PartIII: CurrentPracticeandTheory
7 Pakistan’sInter-ServicesIntelligence 115
RobertJohnson
8 IranianIntelligenceOrganizations 141
CarlAnthonyWege
/ v /
vi / Contents
9 IntelligenceandSecurity-SectorReforminIndonesia 157
PeterGillandLeeWilson
10 AReconstructionofJapaneseIntelligence:IssuesandProspects 181
KenKotani
11 TheProcessesandMechanismsofDevelopingaDemocratic
IntelligenceCultureinGhana 199
EmmanuelKwesiAning,EmmaBirikorang,andErnest
AnsahLartey
12 IntelligenceCommunityReforms:TheCaseofArgentina 219
EduardoE.Este´vez
13 Sweden:IntelligencetheMiddleWay 239
WilhelmAgrell
14 IntelligenceCulture,EconomicEspionage,andtheFinnish
SecurityIntelligenceService 265
LauriHolmstro¨m
PartIV: Conclusion
15 Legacies,Identities,Improvisation,andInnovationsof
Intelligence 287
PhilipH.J.DaviesandKristianC.Gustafson
Contributors 299
Index 303
PART I
Introduction and Theory
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CHAPTER 1
An Agenda for the Comparative
Study of Intelligence
Yet Another Missing Dimension
Philip H. J. Davies and Kristian C. Gustafson
I
n the decades since Christopher Andrew and David Dilks resurrected Sir
Alexander Cadogan’s description of intelligence as the ‘‘missing dimension
ofdiplomatichistory,’’scholarsofintelligencehavethemselvesbeenuncov-
ering assorted additional absent axes within the study of intelligence.1 Indeed,
therearemomentswhenintelligencescholarsbegintofeelalittlelikequantum
physicists who find themselves wrestling with the idea of large numbers of dif-
ferent dimensions curled up, or ‘‘compactified,’’ in normal, three-dimensional
space.2 Among the compactified dimensions that have begun to unravel under
scrutiny are questions of organizational structure and behavior, cultural analy-
sis,3 and even foreign language competency.4 All these approaches have been
foundwantinginafielddominatedbyhistoricalstudyononesideoftheAtlan-
ticand normativepolitical andpolicyanalysis onthe other.This shouldcome
asnosurpriseinacomparativelynewbornfieldofstudy.Beforethe1960sintel-
ligence andrelated activities such ascovert action and protectivesecurity pol-
icyweresoshroudedbystrongformalandinformallyconstitutedrulesofsecrecy
that the necessary evidence base for intelligence studies simply did not exist.5
There was also a sense that the underhanded nature of espionage meant that
intelligencewasnotquitearespectablesphereofstudyforacademics.However,
/ 3 /