Intellectuals and African Development: Pretension and Resistance in African Politics (Africa in the New Millennium)

185 Pages·2006·0.78 MB·English

by  Bjorn Beckman

Africa in the New Millennium
about this series
The books in this new series are an initiative by
CODESRIA, the Council for the Development of Social
Science Research in Africa, to encourage African scholar-
ship relevant to the multiple intellectual, policy and
practical problems and opportunities confronting the
African continent in the twenty-first century.
CODESRIA in association with Zed Books
Titles in the series:
African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender
and Development
Edited by Thandika Mkandawire
Africa and Development Challenges in the New Millennium:
The NEPAD Debate
Edited by J. O. Adésinà, A. Olukoshi and Yao Graham
Urban Africa: Changing Contours of Survival in the City
Edited by A. M. Simone and A. Abouhani
Liberal Democracy and Its Critics in Africa: Political Dysfunc-
tion and the Struggle for Social Progress
Edited by Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo
Negotiating Modernity: Africa’s Ambivalent Experience
Edited by Elísio Salvado Macamo
Insiders and Outsiders: Citizenship and Xenophobia in
Contemporary Southern Africa
Francis B. Nyamnjoh
African Anthropologies: History, Critique and Practice
Edited by Mwenda Ntarangwi, David Mills and Mustafa
Babiker
About CODESRIA
The Council for the Development of Social Science
Research in Africa (CODESRIA) is an independent organiza-
tion whose principal objectives are facilitating research,
promoting research-based publishing and creating
multiple forums geared towards the exchange of views and
information among African researchers. It challenges the
fragmentation of research through the creation of thematic
research networks that cut across linguistic and regional
boundaries.
CODESRIA publishes a quarterly journal, Africa Develop-
ment, the longest-standing Africa-based social science
journal; Afrika Zamani, a journal of history; the African
Sociological Review, African Journal of International Affairs
(AJIA), Africa Review of Books and Identity, Culture and
Politics: An Afro-Asian Dialogue. It co-publishes the Journal
of Higher Education in Africa, and Africa Media Review.
Research results and other activities of the institution
are disseminated through ‘Working Papers’, ‘Monograph
Series’, ‘CODESRIA Book Series’, and the CODESRIA
Bulletin.
About the editors
Björn Beckman is a Research Professor in the Depart-
ment of Political Science, Stockholm University. He has
published extensively on African political economy and
organized interests. His current work compares African
trade unions and their interventions in policy and politics.
Gbemisola Adeoti is a Lecturer in the Department of
English, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria.
He studied for his PhD in English at the University of
Ibadan, Nigeria. His areas of teaching and research include
dramatic literature, poetic traditions, literary history and
literary theory. He has contributed to scholarly journals
both within and outside Nigeria. His collection of poems,
Naked Soles, has just been published.
björn beckman &
gbemisola adeoti | editors
Intellectuals and African
development
Pretension and resistance in African
politics
CODESRIA
dakar
in association with
Zed Books
london | new york
UNISA Press
pretoria
Intellectuals and African development: pretension and resistance in African
politics was first published in 2006 by Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street,
London n1 9jf, uk and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, ny 10010,
usa
<www.zedbooks.co.uk>
and in South Africa by UNISA Press, PO Box 392, Pretoria rsa 0003
in association with CODESRIA, Avenue Cheikh Anta Diop, x Canal iv,
bp3304 Dakar, 18524 Senegal
<www.codesria.org>
Editorial copyright © CODESRIA, 2006
Individual chapters © individual contributors, 2006
The rights of the editor and contributors to be identified as the authors
of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act, 1988.
CODESRIA would like to express its gratitude to the Swedish International
Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA/SAREC), the International Develop-
ment Research Centre (IDRC), Ford Foundation, MacArthur Foundation,
Carnegie Corporation, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Danish
Agency for International Development (DANIDA), the French Ministry of
Cooperation, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the
Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Rockefeller Foundation, FINIDA,
NORAD, CIDA, IIEP/ADEA, OECD, IFS, OXFAM America, UN/UNICEF and the
Government of Senegal for supporting its research, training and publication
programmes.
Cover designed by Andrew Corbett
Set in Arnhem and Futura Bold by Ewan Smith, London
Index: <[email protected]>
Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd
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All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, without
the prior permission of the publisher.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
us cip data are available from the Library of Congress.
CODESRIA edition isbn 2 86978 196 2
Zed Books edition isbn 1 84277 764 5 | 978 1 84277 764 0 hb
isbn 1 84277 765 3 | 978 1 84277 765 7 pb
Contents
Predicament and response: an introduction. . . . . . . . . 1
björn beckman and gbemisola adeoti
What went wrong? | 1 Intellectuals and soldiers | 3 Students,
youths and citizens | 5 Scholars and people | 7
one | Intellectuals, writers and soldiers
1 Psychopaths in power: the collapse of the African dream
in A Play of Giants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
olusegun adekoya
2 Re-establishing the basis of social order in Africa:
a reflection on Achebe’s reformist agenda and Ngugi’s
Marxist aesthetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
m. s. c. okolo
Ngugi’s Marxist aesthetics in Petals: a revolt against peaceful
transformation | 32 Achebe’s reformist agenda in Anthills:
a vote against revolt | 39 Beyond revolution and reform:
a ‘third path’? | 45
3 Narrating the green gods: the (auto) biographies of
Nigerian military rulers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
gbemisola adeoti
Background | 49 Self-(re)-writing and the public sphere | 50
Military officers’ narratives | 53 Conclusion | 61
two | Students, youths and people
4 Ambiguous transitions: mediating citizenship among
youth in Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
jude fokwang
Ethnographic context | 71 Youth and the Cameroon state | 73
Elites-in-waiting or merchants of illusion? | 76 Self-made
citizens | 81 Marginal citizens and the ‘exit option’ | 84
Theorizing youth transition in Cameroon | 88 Conclusion | 92
5 Student radicalism and the national project: the Nigerian
student movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
björn beckman
NANS as a national democratic force | 99 The collapse
of NANS as a progressive force: what went wrong? | 105
Are students still a national democratic force? | 114
Students as custodians of the radical nationalist heritage | 117
6 Transnational governance and the pacification of youth:
civic education and disempowerment in Malawi . . . . . 124
harri englund
Civic education: promises and perils | 129 Finding a
NICE job | 132 The pacification of youth | 136 The desire
for status | 138 The supremacy of English | 142 Educating
elders | 145 Revelations and hidden agendas | 147
7 Identity and knowledge production in the fourth
generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
nana akua anyidoho
Why is this an issue for the fourth generation? | 156
From where do we speak? Questions of location and
positionality | 157 Unpacking ‘insider scholarship’ | 158
Critiques of insider scholarship | 160 Recentring insider
scholarship | 162 ‘Shared struggle’ as basis for insider
scholarship | 163 How does all this relate to the practice
of scholarship? | 165 Conclusion | 166
Contributors | 171
Index | 173
Predicament and response: an introduction
BJÖRN BECKMAN AND GBEMISOLA ADEOTI
What went wrong?
What went wrong? What is the way out? Progressives in Africa keep
debating and agonizing over the failure of the forces on the ground
to advance the material, social and political welfare of the continent,
‘the African predicament’. This collection discusses in Part One the
response of some of Africa’s leading intellectuals-cum-writers: Soyinka,
Ngugi, Achebe. They have made powerful statements of outrage and
disgust at the betrayal of popular aspirations committed by Africa’s
political leaders. The writers have their own visions that point in dra-
matically different directions. Do they provide a way out? Can they be
combined? The book looks also at a very different, more sordid type
of aspiring ‘intellectuals’, the military men who have been in power
for much of the post-independence period and who have grabbed for
the pen in order to justify their own misrule. Part Two looks at the
way in which other segments of African societies have responded. It is
particularly concerned with students and young people, who are often
considered the hope for the future. What answers do they provide? The
collection contrasts the visions and admonitions of the ‘intellectuals’
with the multiple and often ambiguous responses of the youths and
students. It is not necessarily encouraging. Some of the latter – ‘the
hopes of the nation’ – have given up all hope for their countries and
desperately want to get out, aspiring to reach the presumably ‘greener
pastures’ of Europe and North America. But there are also those who
valiantly confront a repressive, corrupt and backward state and struggle
for national redemption. Of course, the radical intellectual critics
demonstrate that the cards continue to be heavily stacked in favour
of neo-colonial and imperialist forces and their local collaborators.
But, as argued in this collection, there are also new, seemingly more
benevolent forms of foreign interventions in support of ‘civil society’
and ‘civic education’ that similarly stifle the emergence of popular
democratic alternatives.
n This book is primarily concerned with the world-views and strategies
o
cti of these various social agents, the writers and towering intellectual
u
d giants, the self-justifying soldiers, the students with their multiple strat-
o
r
nt egies of resistance or escape, and the ‘civic educators’ who reinforce
I
inequity and serve global strategies of control. It concludes, however,
by looking at ourselves as academics and researchers concerned with
interpreting all this. Who has the locus standi, and who, as a scholar,
has the right to pronounce on Africa’s development? How is our per-
spective affected by the way in which we are situated as ‘insiders’ and
‘outsiders’? It is argued that ‘location’ matters, where you come from,
how you are situated in relation to the issues at stake. Ultimately,
however, whether as an academic or as an activist, what is decisive is
how you choose to relate to the communities, the local forces on the
ground, and their aspirations for a better life.
There is a glaring gap between the hopes and aspirations of the anti-
colonial struggles and the realities of the post-colonial world with its
authoritarian one-party or military rulers, ethno-nationalist crises, col-
lapsed economies, political instability, unemployment and deepening
mass poverty. Although the anti-colonial movement has turned its anger
against neo-colonialism, in many cases, the new regimes have merely
accentuated the repressive and anti-democratic character of colonial
rule. Increasingly indebted and poor, African nations depend on loans
from international finance institutions and aid from foreign donor
agencies. Such loans carry conditions that make nonsense of Africa’s
presumed independence. An early generation of African intellectuals
like Ngugi wa Thiong’o, Ayi Kwei Armah, Cameron Dudou, Femi
Osofisan and Claude Ake exposed an independence that had failed to
liberate the people. To them, development after formal independence
was colonialism clad in local apparel. They opposed neo-colonialism
and national misrule and wanted to rebuild Africa in line with ideals
that had inspired the anti-colonial struggle. Of course, ‘intellectuals’
would not all agree. While some were concerned with the problems
of national development, others channelled their energies towards
more sectarian or professedly ‘non-political’ ends. The messages of
prominent writers discussed in the first part of this collection are all
concerned with the fate of the nation. Their writings are infused with
the ideas, traditions, hopes and aspirations of the communities from
which they emerge and they seek to influence the course of action
2
taken by the people. There is an obvious connection between literature
and politics in the pursuit of ethics, social order and national develop-
ment. Indeed, literature is a site where the shining promises and deep
disappointments of Africa’s post-colonial history are confronted most
graphically.
Intellectuals and soldiers
In A Play of Giants (discussed here by Olusegun Adekoya), Wole
Soyinka furiously berates the extremities of ‘personalized’ rule as
represented by megalomaniac leaders such as Idi Amin in Uganda,
Emperor Bokassa in the Central African Republic, Macias Nguema
in Equatorial Guinea and Mobutu in Zaire. Soyinka responds to the
outrageous politics of these nation-wreckers with hilarious and bloody
satire. He exposes their violent intolerance of opposition and their
urge to perpetuate themselves in power. Their all-consuming obsession
with suspected threats to their own persons poses an acute threat to
‘national development’ and society as a whole. In Soyinka’s world, the
‘giants’ – a caricature of known African despots – are committed to
bizarre political posturing and rely on power acquired and sustained
solely through violent coercion. It allows them to stay in power in spite
of the disasters they inflict on the progress and stability of their nations.
Their disastrous misrule is facilitated by the support they draw from
gullible or opportunistic ‘intellectuals’ from within and from outside
who provide the phoney philosophical rationale for their excesses. In
the Cold War era, such intellectuals courted allies for authoritarian
regimes from both sides of the warring blocs. Adekoya points to the
inevitability of chaos when the democratic aspirations of the people
are brutalized.
As discussed in M. S. C. Okolo’s essay, other celebrated African
writers like Chinua Achebe and Ngugi wa Thiong’o are equally dis-
mayed by gross misrule and failed nationhood. More overtly didactic
than Soyinka, however, they blend a stark critique of African society,
rooted in historically conscious literary creations, with a vision of viable
alternative routes to national emancipation. While Achebe believes in
‘reform’ as a means of transforming the continent, Ngugi is disposed In
tr
towards revolutionary action. Okolo offers a philosophical analysis of o
d
u
these juxtaposed political discourses, adding her own reflections and c
tio
preferences. Philosophy, she argues, like literature, is a tool of social n
3