Intellectual Property Rights and the Life Science Industries: A Twentieth Century History

301 Pages·2003·33.257 MB·English

by  Graham Dutfield

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
AND THE LIFE SCIENCE INDUSTRIES

Intellectual Property Rights and
the Life Science Industries
A Twentieth Century History
GRAHAM OUTFIELD
Queen Mary Intellectual Property Research Institute,
University of London
Routledge
Taylor & Francis
LC>NDON AND NEW
First published 2003 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
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Copyright © Graham Outfield 2003
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
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Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only
for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Outfield, Graham
Intellectual property rights and the life science
industries : a 20th century history. -(Globalization and law)
l.Intellectual property 2.Patent laws and legislation
3.Life sciences -Law and legislation 4.Life sciences -
Patents
I. Title
346'.048
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
Outfield, Graham.
Intellectual property rights and the life science industries : a 20th century history I
Graham Outfield.
p. em.--(Globalization and law)
Includes bibliographical references.
I. Biotechnology industries--Law and legislation--History. 2. Intellectual property
(lntemationallaw)--History 3. Life sciences--Research--History. I. Title. II. Series.
K1519.B54 088 2002
341.7'58--dc21 2002028131
ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-2111-9 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-138-27782-3 (pbk)
Contents
List of Tables vi
List ofA cronyms vii
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction
1 Intellectual Property in the Global Economy: High Stakes and
Propaganda Warfare 17
2 Intellectual Property and Regulation Theory 25
3 The Emergence of Modem Patent Law 49
4 Organic Chemistry and the Synthetic Dyestuff Industry 73
5 The Pharmaceutical Industry 89
6 Biotechnology, Genomics and the New Life Science Corporations 135
7 Plant Breeding, the Seed Industry and Plant Breeders' Rights 175
8 Towards a Global IP Regime: Trade and Diplomacy 195
9 Forums of Resistance? 207
10 Epilogue: the Life Science Industries in a Patent-free World 237
Bibliography 247
Name Index 273
Subject Index 279
v
List of Tables
2.1 The patent and PBR communities: some key actors 43
3.1 Article 27.3(b): a summary of its provisions 69
4.1 Comparison of the number of completed English patents for
coal tar products taken during 1886-1900, by six largest English
and six largest German firms 85
5.1 The top 20 pharmaceutical companies by global market share
and sales, 2000 107
5.2 Mergers and acquisitions in pharmaceuticals, 1989-2000 108
6.1 Scientific breakthroughs in biotechnology 143
6.2 Commercial breakthroughs in biotechnology 147
6.3 Major life science corporations, 1998 148
6.4 'Patenting life': milestones in biotechnology patent protection 151
7.1 Legislation introducing plant breeders' rights in selected countries 188
7.2 Comparison of main provisions of UPOV 197811991 and patent law 190
List of Acronyms
AIPPI Association Internationale pour la Protection de la Propriete
Industrielle (International Association for the Protection of Industrial
Property)
AS SINSEL Association Internationale des Selectionneurs pour la Protection des
Obtentions Vegetales (International Association of Plant Breeders)
BIRPI Bureaux lnternationaux Reunis de la Protection de la Propriete
Intellectuelle (United International Bureaux for the Protection of
Intellectual Property)
CAFC Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
eDNA Complementary (or copy) DNA
CGRFA Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the
FAO
CIOPORA Communaute Internationale des Obtenteurs de Plantes Ornementales
de Reproduction Asexuee (International Community of Breeders of
Asexually-reproducing Ornamental Plants)
COP Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity
CPGR Commission on Plant Genetic Resources
CRO Collective rights organization
DBF Dedicated biotechnology firm
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
EPC European Patent Convention
EPO European Patent Office
ESTs Expressed sequence tags
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FICPI Federation lnternationale des Conseils en Propriete Industrielle
(International Federation of Industrial Property Attorneys)
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GIPID Global Intellectual Property Issues Division (of WIPO)
ICC International Chamber of Commerce
ICT Information and communications technology
IGC Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic
Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (of WIPO)
IP Intellectual property
VII