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EEddiittiioonn Eighth Edition
“Without doubt this is the best IP book that there is. Finely balanced and clearly
written, it is the leading IP authority.” I
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Dr James Griffi n, University of Exeter
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Intellectual Property can be trusted to equip you with the best possible basis for study of this dynamic subject. Providing l
an unrivalled account of the law in this area, this book also examines the ethical and policy infl uences which have e
shaped its development, giving you a solid basis for further exploration of the subject.
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Particularly suitable for use on the LL.B or CPE/GDL, Intellectual Property contains a variety of features designed to t
support your study, including: u
diagrams and visual aids to support explanations of complex legal principles a
key point summaries to highlight essential points and provide a useful revision checklist
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discussion questions to put your knowledge into practice and refi ne your critical analysis skills
annotated further reading lists to enable you to delve deeper into the academic literature surrounding the subject area P
a glossary to explain any unfamiliar terms commonly employed in intellectual property law.
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Intellectual Property has also been fully revised to examine all recent developments in this rapidly evolving area of the
law, including detailed discussion of:
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the implications of the Trade Mark Rules 2008 now that they are fully in force
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important new case law on patents including Generics v Lundbeck and Conor v Angiotech, and consideration
of the fi rst recorded case in which employees were awarded compensation of over £500,000 for an invention of r
outstanding benefi t to their employer
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contemporary copyright cases including the authorship of the Procul Harum hit ‘Whiter Shade of Pale’, the y
copyright status of Star Wars Stormtrooper costumes, and the legality of encrypted broadcasts following the
decision in Football Association v QC Leisure
high profi le privacy cases involving J K Rowling’s infant son, and former Formula 1 boss Max Mosely. BB
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About the author bb
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David I. Bainbridge is Emeritus Professor of Business Law at Aston Business School, Aston University and an honorary idid
member of Hardwicke Building, Lincoln’s Inn. He is a member of the Intellectual Property Bar Association and also has gg
an extensive background in Engineering and Information Technology. ee
David I. Bainbridge
Visit www.mylawchamber.co.uk/bainbridgeip to access a number of
additional resources to support you throughout your study, including interactive
multiple choice questions, exam style questions and accompanying answer
guidance, web links to useful sites for further information and regular
updates on major legal developments to the law in this area.
Front cover image
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
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Eighth Edition
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
David Bainbridge
BSc,LLB,PhD,Chartered IT Professional,MBCS
Barrister,Emeritus Professor of Intellectual Property Law,
Aston University.
Honorary Member of Hardwicke Building,Lincoln’s Inn.
Member of the Intellectual Property Bar Association.
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk
First published under the Pitman Publishing imprint 1992
Eighth edition published 2010
© David I.Bainbridge 1992,1994,1996,1999,2002,2007,2009,2010
The right ofDavid I.Bainbridge to be identified as author ofthis work
has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright,Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved.No part ofthis publication may be reproduced,stored in
a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,
mechanical,photocopying,recording or otherwise,without either the prior
written permission ofthe publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying
in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,
Saffron House,6–10 Kirby Street,London EC1N 8TS.
Crown Copyright material is reproduced with the permission ofthe Controller ofHMSO and
the Queen’s Printer for Scotland.
Law Commission Reports are reproduced under the terms ofthe Click-Use Licence.
ISBN:978-1-4082-2928-6
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publicatio n Data
Bainbridge,David I.
Intellectual property / David Bainbridge.– 8th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4082-2928-6 (pbk.)
1. Intellectual property–Great Britain. I. Title.
KD1269.B35 2010
346.4104′8–dc22
2010014006
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
14 13 12 11 10
Typeset in 10/11.5pt Minion by 35
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Ashford Colour Press Ltd,Gosport
Brief contents
Preface xi 15 Patents – defences,groundless threats and
Table ofcases xii revocation 525
Table oflegislation xl
Glossary lv Part Five
List ofbibliographic abbreviations lix DESIGN LAW
Law reports references,etc. lx
16 What is a design? 545
Part One 17 Community design and the UK registered
PRELIMINARY design 561
18 The UK unregistered design right 611
1 Introduction 3
Part Two Part Six
COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS BUSINESS GOODWILL AND REPUTATION
2 Background and basic principles 31 19 Trade marks – introduction and background 655
3 Subsistence ofcopyright 39 20 The UK trade mark – registrability,
surrender,revocation and invalidity,
4 Authorship and ownership ofcopyright 85
property rights and registration 668
5 Authors’rights 120
21 The UK trade mark – rights,infringement,
6 Rights,infringement and remedies 145 limitations and defences,remedies and
7 Defences to copyright infringement and criminal offences 740
the permitted acts 202 22 Community trade mark and the Madrid
8 Copyright and computer software 247 System 790
9 Rights in performances 308 23 Passing offand malicious falsehood 809
Part Three Part Seven
THE LAW OF BREACH OF CONFIDENCE EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL
PERSPECTIVES ON IPR
10 Law ofbreach ofconfidence 333
24 Freedom ofmovement ofgoods and EC
Part Four
competition law 863
PATENT LAW
25 IPR and conflict oflaws 890
11 Patent law – background,basic principles
and practical aspects 377 Appendix 1 – Trade mark classification for
12 Requirements for patentability 412 goods and services 909
13 Ownership,dealing with patents,safety Appendix 2 – Useful internet addresses for
and security,and Crown use 473 intellectual property information 911
14 Patents – infringement,remedies and Bibliography 913
criminal offences 492 Index 916
v
Contents
Preface xi Dealing with copyright 103
Table ofcases xii Collecting societies 111
Table oflegislation xl Licensing schemes 112
Glossary lv Compulsory licences and licences as ofright 118
List ofbibliographic abbreviations lix Copyright Tribunal 118
Law reports references,etc. lx
5 Authors’rights 120
Part One Introduction 120
Moral rights 120
PRELIMINARY
Right to be identified as the author or director
ofa work (the ‘paternity right’) 122
1 Introduction 3
Right to object to derogatory treatment of
What is intellectual property law? 3 the work 128
Nature ofintellectual property 10 False attribution ofa work 134
Cross-cutting themes 14 Right to privacy in photographs and films 137
Practical considerations 18 Joint works 138
Commercial exploitation ofintellectual Duration and transmission on death 138
property 22 Consent and waiver 139
Framework for description ofrights 25 Remedies 140
Moral rights and revived copyright 141
Part Two Artists’resale right 141
COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
6 Rights,infringement and remedies 145
2 Background and basic principles 31 Rights ofcopyright owners 145
The acts restricted by copyright 145
What is copyright? 31
Authorising infringement ofcopyright 172
Briefhistory 33
Secondary infringements ofcopyright 175
Copyright and its relationship to other
Remedies for infringement ofcopyright 179
intellectual property rights 36
Injunctions 187
Copyright as a means ofexploiting a work 37
Presumptions 193
Criminal offences 195
3 Subsistence of copyright 39
Introduction 39 7 Defences to copyright infringement and
Original literary,dramatic,musical or the permitted acts 202
artistic works 41
Introduction 202
Sound recordings,films or broadcasts 65
Copyright owner authorised or consented
Typographical arrangements ofpublished
to the act 203
editions 68
Acquiescence,delay and estoppel 205
Qualification 70
Public interest 207
Duration ofcopyright 72
Non-derogation from grant 210
Publication right 82
The permitted acts 211
General,including fair dealing 212
4 Authorship and ownership of copyright 85
Visual impairment 221
Introduction 85 Education 224
Authorship 86 Libraries and archives 227
Ownership 91 Public administration 228
vii
CONTENTS
Computer programs and databases 229 Part Four
Designs,typefaces and works in electronic form 229 PATENT LAW
Miscellaneous – literary,dramatic,musical
and artistic works 230 11 Patent law – background,basic principles
Miscellaneous – other works 231 and practical aspects 377
Adaptations 233
Introduction 377
Statutory licence to use sound recordings
Briefhistorical perspective 380
in broadcasts 233 Justification for patent rights 381
Summary 233 Practical considerations 388
8 Copyright and computer software 247 12 Requirements for patentability 412
Introduction 247 Introduction 412
Copyright protection for computer programs 249 Sufficiency 413
Computer programs – basic position 250 Basic requirements 417
Literal copying ofcomputer programs 254 Novelty 418
Non-literal copying ofcomputer programs 256 Inventive step 430
Making an adaptation 268 Industrial application 444
Permitted acts in relation to computer Exclusions from patentability 446
programs 269 Exclusions in s 1(2) 446
Computer programming languages 276 Computer programs 450
Exclusions in s 1(3) 467
Databases 277
Surgery,therapy and diagnosis ofthe human
Computer-generated works 295
or animal body 470
Circumvention ofprotection measures 296
Electronic rights management information 301
13 Ownership,dealing with patents,safety
Satellite broadcasting 303
and security,and Crown use 473
Scientific discoveries,genetic sequences and
formulae 305 Introduction 473
Ownership ofpatents 473
9 Rights in performances 308 Dealing in patents 482
Licences as ofright 483
Introduction 308
Compulsory licences 485
Rights granted by the Copyright,Designs and
Safety and security 489
Patents Act 1988 as enacted 309
Crown use 490
Rights in performances – present position 310
Common ground 312
14 Patents – infringement,remedies and
Performers’non-property rights 315
criminal offences 492
Performers’property rights 316
Introduction 492
Performers’moral rights 319
Choice ofcourt 493
Recording rights 321
Non-binding opinions 495
Transitional provisions and savings 324
Infringement 496
Offences 325
Interpretation ofclaims 500
Summary 326
Declaration ofnon-infringement 510
Evidence 511
Part Three
Title to sue for infringement 513
THE LAW OF BREACH OF CONFIDENCE Remedies 514
Assessment ofdamages 520
10 Law of breach of confidence 333 Criminal offences 524
Introduction 333
Development ofthe law ofbreach ofconfidence 334 15 Patents – defences,groundless threats
The modern law ofbreach ofconfidence 337 and revocation 525
Confidential quality 340 Introduction 525
Obligation ofconfidence 353 Defences 525
Unauthorised use 367 Groundless threats ofinfringement proceedings 531
Remedies 369 Revocation ofpatents 536
viii
CONTENTS
Part Five Ownership 633
DESIGN LAW Assignment and licensing 635
Rights ofowner and infringement 637
16 What is a design? 545 Exceptions to infringement 641
Defences to infringement actions 642
Introduction 545
Remedies 645
Briefhistory ofdesign law up to 2001 547
Semiconductor topography design right 646
Community design and the UK registered design 548
Design right 551
Community design,the UK registered design Part Six
and the UK unregistered design right 552 BUSINESS GOODWILL AND REPUTATION
UK unregistered design right and copyright 553
Particular examples 555
19 Trade marks – introduction and background 655
Ownership – differences between rights 557
Introduction 655
International aspects 559
Rationale 657
Briefhistory 658
17 Community design and the UK registered
The Trade Marks Act 1994 659
design 561
The Act,the Directive and the Regulation 661
Introduction 561 Hierarchy ofcourts and trade mark offices 662
Community design 562 Scheme and structure ofthe chapters on
Requirements for protection (RCD and UCD) 563 trade marks 664
Exclusions from the Community design 565
Entitlement to a Community design 567 20 The UK trade mark – registrability,surrender,
Dealing with the Community design 569
revocation and invalidity,property rights and
Rights and infringement 570
registration 668
Limitations and defences 571
Remedies 574 Introduction 668
Offences 576 Registrable trade marks 669
Registration ofCommunity design 576 Capable ofdistinguishing 670
Invalidity and surrender 579 Graphical representation 672
Appeals from decisions at the OHIM 582 Unregistrable signs 679
Jurisdiction 583 Absolute grounds for refusal or invalidity 680
UK registered design 585 Relative grounds for refusal 702
Briefhistory ofthe UK registered design 586 Certification marks 720
Implementation ofthe Directive 586 Collective marks 721
Requirements for registrability 589 Surrender ofregistered trade mark 722
Registration 598 Revocation 723
Cancellation and invalidity 600 Invalidity 729
Duration 601 Trade marks as property 730
Ownership and dealing with registere d designs 602 Registration 733
Rights ofproprietor 604
Infringement and exceptions 605 21 The UK trade mark – rights,infringement,
Defences 607 limitations and defences,remedies and
Remedies 607 criminal offences 740
Groundless threats ofinfringement proceedings 608
Introduction 740
Offences 608
Rights conferred by registration and
Crown use and secrecy provisions 609
infringement 741
Comparative advertising 753
18 The UK unregistered design right 611
Applying mark to material,etc. 758
Introduction 611 Well-known marks – Paris Convention countries 758
Subsistence ofright 612 Trade marks and the internet 759
Originality 615 Evidential aspects 765
Tangible form requirement 622 Limitations and defences 767
Qualification 622 Acquiescence 774
Exceptions 624 Exhaustion ofrights 774
Duration ofdesign right 631 Groundless threats ofinfringement proceedings 776
ix
