Integration of renewable energy systems

154 Pages·2016·115.776 MB·English

by  Walker, Howard Andy

TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE LIFE
CONCISE MONOGRApHS SERIES
Integration of
Renewable Energy
Systems
Andy Walker, Jennifer Scheib,
Craig Turchi, Robi Robichaud,
Gregg Tomberlin, Kari Burman,
Michael Hillesheim, Ben Kroposki,
and Ming Qu
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Walker, Andy, 1953- author.
Title: Integration of renewable energy systems / Andy Walker, Jennifer
Scheib, Craig Turchi, Robi Robichaud, Gregg Tomberlin, Kari Burman,
Michael Hillesheim, Ben Kroposki, Ming Qu.
Description: New York : ASME press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical | Identifiers: LCCN
2016020912 | ISBN 9780791861240
Subjects: LCSH: Buildings--Energy conservation. | Renewable energy sources. | Buildings--power
supply.
Classification: LCC TJ163.5.B84 W34 2016 | DDC 696--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.
loc.gov/2016020912
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Guest Editors’ Preface
This monograph provides the current state-of-art of integrating renew-
able energy (RE) systems to meet energy needs of buildings. It consti-
tutes a key part of the ASME efforts to promote exchange of innovative
ideas, leading edge concepts, new technologies, ongoing research and
development related to the theme of sustainable buildings. Specifically,
these efforts have been initiated by the ASME Research Committee on
Integrated and Sustainable Building Equipment and Systems (ISBES).
In particular, this monograph covers a wide range of RE systems and
technologies including: daylighting, photovoltaics (pV), active solar
water heating, solar ventilation preheating, concentrated solar power
(CSp), wind energy, biomass, hydropower, ocean energy, geothermal
energy, and ground source heat pumps. For each system and technology,
the authors use a top bottom approach where they describe the resource
assessment, design and operating principles, components and assem-
blies, performance indicators, and life cycle cost estimates. Throughout
the monograph, various practical case studies are presented to illustrate
the applications of RE systems and technologies.
The main contribution of the monograph is the discussion of the
challenges and the possible solutions to the integration of the RE sys-
tems at the building, substation, grid, and utility level. In particular, the
discussion addresses the challenges of the intermittent nature of most of
the RE generation technologies and control strategies to achieve energy
cost savings and improve system reliability. Specifically, the monograph
describes the most important operational measures and strategies that
can be considered to solve common challenges typically encountered to
achieve high level of RE penetration by utilities. Some of the strategies
outlined in the monograph include:
• Assessment of RE resources across continental United States
and optimal use for location and building energy needs.
• Reconfiguration of utility circuits to allow power to flow from
a generator to a load, including locations and settings of net-
work protectors, voltage regulation, and overcurrent protection
devices.
• Redistribution of RE generation systems over a large area to
smooth out power generation during partly cloudy days.
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iv Integration of Renewable Energy Systems
• Forecast RE plant output to provide a utility system operator
with an advance notice to ramp up fossil fueled generators.
• Application of the IEEE 1547a standard to allow for more ad-
vanced inverter features including: low voltage ride-through; low
frequency ride-through; and power-factor correction. Another
capability is the ability of an inverter to curtail RE output in re-
sponse to a signal from the utility or grid conditions.
• Control of the instantaneous demands for non-critical loads to
allow ramping up generators.
As noted in the discussion by the author, the use of energy storage
is the ultimate solution to almost all of the challenges and problems
related to the integration of RE systems. While the battery technology
and cost are improving, challenges remain for a cost-effective system to
meet the need for a large amount of energy storage.
In summary, the monograph provides an updated information on the
challenges and solutions of integrating RE systems at various levels in-
cluding buildings, substations, grids, and utilities. Drawing from their
vast experiences, the authors have succeeded in developing a compre-
hensive reference for both researchers and professionals interested in
finding solutions for the challenges of integration of RE systems in de-
veloping sustainable built environments.
Jorge E. Gonzalez, phD, ASME Fellow
Moncef Krarti, phD, pE, LEED-pE, ASME Fellow
Guest Editors
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Series Editors’ Preface 1
2
3
Technologies for Sustainable Life (TSL) – Concise Monograph Series
ASME’s Technologies for Sustainable Life (TSL) is a series of concise and 4
timely monographs exploring the interface between engineering and the en- 5
6
ing fundamental principles and paradigms before a contextual exploration
7
of ecosystems and resources, sustainable manufacturing, energy technology,
8
environmental pollution and finally aspects of environmental governance.
Each monograph is written by leading experts in their field and exam- 9
ines the relationship and contributions of engineering to the topic of study. 10
As a series, TSL addresses a long-awaited niche in engineering publishing, 11
providing in-depth discussions of environmental significance set within a
12
technology, economic and policy context.
13
Editor: 14
Simon Pollard, PhD, Professor of Environmental Risk Management, Head 15
of Department, Environmental Science and Technology, Cranfield University, 16
United Kingdom.
17
18
Associate Editors:
Derek Dunn-Rankin, PhD, Professor and Chair, Department of Mechanical 19
and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, United States. 20
21
Hameed Metghalchi, ScD, Professor of Mechanical and Industrial Engineer-
22
ing, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
23
T rac y B hamra, PhD, Dean of Loughborough Design Schoo l,Professo r o f 24
Sustainable Design, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough Univer- 25
sity, Loughborough, United Kingdom. 26
27
28
29
30
31
32
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34
35
36
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Table of Contents
Guest Editors’ Preface iii
Series Editors’ Preface v
Abstract ix
1. Introduction 1
2. Photovoltaics 3
3. Daylighting 19
4. Solar Ventilation Air Preheating 29
5. Solar Water Heating 35
5.1 Low Temperature Unglazed Collector 35
5.2 Glazed Flat plate Collectors 36
5.3 Evacuated Tube Collectors 37
5.4 parabolic Trough Collectors 38
6. Concentrating Solar Power 51
7. Wind Energy 61
8. Biomass 83
9. Hydropower and Ocean Energy 99
10. Geothermal Energy and Ground Source Heat Pumps 107
11. Energy Systems Integration 121
11.1 Building Level Challenges and Solutions 127
11.2 Substation-Level Challenges and Solutions 129
11.3 Grid-Level Challenges and Solutions 130
11.4 Utilities’ Electrical Generation Systems 132
12. References 137
Authors Biography 139
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Abstract
Energy efficiency measures are generally less expensive than a renewable
energy (RE) system to provide the same amount of energy saved. The
Energy Information Administration reports that, on average, a dollar
spent on efficiency saves $2 off the cost of a renewable energy system
to provide the same amount of energy [IEA, 2011]. But as the saying
goes “you can’t save yourself rich” and having installed sophisticated con-
trols and efficient systems, we need some source of energy to power
them. On-site renewable energy systems offer several advantages, espe-
cially when operated in concert with a larger utility system. The main
reasons to consider RE is cost-effectiveness, but other reasons are as
diverse as: reduction of atmospheric emissions; compliance with regula-
tions requiring RE; enhanced reliability through redundant energy sup-
ply; abate risks related to fuel availability and cost, or risk of fuel-spills
during delivery; score points in a sustainability rating; or as a mitiga-
tion measure in a larger environmental-permitting process. Renewable
energy technologies used on buildings include daylighting; solar pho-
tovoltaics; solar water heating; solar ventilation air preheating; passive
solar heating and cooling load avoidance; wind power; biomass heat (or
cogeneration as discussed in Chapter 8); anaerobic digestion of waste;
and geothermal heat. Ground source heat pumps are also often con-
sidered, in-part, RE systems. Daylighting and the envelope measures
(passive heating and cooling) are often considered efficiency measures,
but daylighting is a direct and obvious use of solar energy in buildings,
and photovoltaics (pV), Solar Water Heating and Solar Ventilation
Air preheating are technologies to consider on any building project. We
even consider an example of hydroelectric power on the water supply to
a building.
We cover the operating principle of each type of system, list compo-
nents and provide schematic diagram of how components are assembled
into systems; provide information for cost estimate and life cycle cost
calculation, describe how system size may be optimized to minimize life
cycle cost, and we stress the importance of operations and maintenance
(O&M) over a long performance period. Significant emphasis is placed
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x Integration of Renewable Energy Systems
on integration of RE into the conventional utility system, at both the
site level and from the perspective of the larger utility system, so that
savings due to the RE may be realized without compromising the reli-
ability of the system. Case studies are presented to exemplify applica-
tion of each technology.
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