Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy

499 Pages·2006·8.14 MB·English

by  Felix A. Farret

INTEGRATION OF
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
OF ENERGY
FELIX A. FARRET
M. GODOY SIMO˜ES
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

INTEGRATION OF
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
OF ENERGY

INTEGRATION OF
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
OF ENERGY
FELIX A. FARRET
M. GODOY SIMO˜ES
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright#2006byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Farret,FelixA.
Integrationofalternativesourcesofenergy/byFelixA.Farret,M.GodoySimo˜es.
p.cm.
‘‘AWiley-Intersciencepublication.’’
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-471-71232-9
ISBN-10:0-471-71232-9
[1.Powerresources.2.Renewableenergysources.]I.Simo˜es,MarceloGodoy.II.Title.
TJ163.2.F372006
621.042–dc22 2005048975
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
To Alzira and Fares Farret, Mary and John Hilliard,
Gerry, Matheus, and Patrick, with whom I have
learned and to whom I owe so much. F.A.F.
For the next generation, to which Ahriel and Lira belong.
Hopefully, it will be powered by renewable energy. M.G.S.

CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS xvii
FOREWORD xix
PREFACE xxi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxiii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxv
1 ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Renewable Sources of Energy 2
1.3 Renewable Energy Versus Alternative Energy 4
1.4 Planning and Development of Integrated Energy 8
1.4.1 Grid-Supplied Electricity 9
1.4.2 Load 10
1.4.3 Distributed Generation 10
1.5 Renewable Energy Economics 11
1.5.1 Calculation of Electricity Generation Costs 12
1.6 European Targets for Renewables 14
1.6.1 Demand-Side Management Options 15
1.6.2 Supply-Side Management Options 16
1.7 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 19
1.7.1 Integration of Renewable Energy in the United States 20
1.7.2 Energy Recovery Time 21
1.7.3 Sustainability 23
1.8 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems 26
References 27
vii
viii
CONTENTS
2 PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS 28
2.1. Introduction 28
2.2. State of a Thermodynamic System 29
2.3. Fundamental Laws and Principles 36
2.3.1 Example in a Nutshell 37
2.3.2 Practical Problems Associated with Carnot Cycle Plant 40
2.3.3 Rankine Cycle for Power Plants 41
2.3.4 Brayton Cycle for Power Plants 44
2.3.5 Energy and Power 46
2.4 Examples of Energy Balance 47
2.4.1 Simple Residential Energy Balance 47
2.4.2 Refrigerator Energy Balance 48
2.4.3 Energy Balance for a Water Heater 49
2.4.4 Rock Bed Energy Balance 51
2.4.5 Array of Solar Collectors 51
2.4.6 Heat Pump 52
2.4.7 Heat Transfer Analysis 53
2.5 Planet Earth: AClosed But Not Isolated System 54
References 56
3 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Determination of the Useful Power 58
3.3 Expedient Topographical and Hydrological Measurements 60
3.3.1 Simple Measurement of Elevation 60
3.3.2 Global Positioning Systems for Elevation Measurement 60
3.3.3 Specification of Pipe Losses 62
3.3.4 Expedient Measurements of Stream Water Flow 63
3.3.5 Civil Works 67
3.4 Generating Unit 67
3.4.1 Regulation Systems 67
3.4.2 Butterfly Valves 68
3.5 Waterwheels 68
3.6 Turbines 70
3.6.1 Pelton Turbine 71
3.6.2 Francis Turbine 74
3.6.3 Michel–Banki Turbine 77