Table Of ContentINTEGRATION AND UNEQUAL DEVELOPMENT
The Experience of the EEC
STUDIES IN THE INTEGRATION OF WESTERN EUROPE
General Editors: Dudley Seers, Professorial Fellow, University of
Sussex, and Constantine Vaitsos, Professor of Political Economy, Uni
versity of Athens.
Edited by Dudley Seers and INTEGRATION AND
Constantine Vaitsos UNEQUAL DEVELOPMENT
with the assistance of The Experience of the EEC
Marja-Liisa Kiljunen
Edited by Dudley Seers and THE
Constantine Vaitsos SECOND ENLARGEMENT
with the assistance of OF THE EEC
Marja-Liisa Kiljunen The Integration of Unequal
Partners
Edited by Juan Antonio Payno THE
and Jose Luis Sampedro SECOND ENLARGEMENT
OF THE EEC
The Prospective New Members
Integration and
Unequal Development
The Experience of the EEe
Edited by Dudley Seers and Constantine Vaitsos
with the assistance of Marja-Liisa Kiljunen
© Dudley Seers 1980
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980
All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be
reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without permission
First published 1980 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-1-349-05540-1 ISBN 978-1-349-05538-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-05538-8
Contents
List ofT ables vii
List ofF igures and Map xi
Preface to the Series xiii
Preface xv
List ofA bbreviations and Symbols xvii
Notes on the Contributors XIX
Introduction Dudley Seers and Constantine Vaitsos 1
PART I GENERAL ISSUES
1 Theoretical Aspects of Unequal Development at Different
Spatial Levels Dudley Seers 9
2 Corporate Integration in World Production and Trade
Constantine Vaitsos 24
3 ACaseStudyofLatinAmericaErnesto Tironi 46
4 The EEC and the World Economy Geoffrey Barraclough 57
PART II THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN
INTEGRATION ON MEMBER
COUNTRIES
5 A Politico-economic Overview Horst Reichenbach 75
6 Italy Massimo Roccas 100
7 Ireland Anthony Coughlan 121
8 Britain Martin Fetherston, Barry Moore andlohn Rhodes 136
9 France Udo Rehfeldt 155
10 Federal Republic of Germany FriederSchlupp 176
11 Regional Disparities and Policy in the EEC Marja-Liisa
Kiljunen 199
12 The European Monetary System Robert Triffin 223
v
vi Contents
PART III THE EEC AND
THE REST OF THE WORLD
13 The EEC and the ACP Countries Lynn Mytelka and
Michael Dolan 237
14 The EEC and the Maghreb and Mashreq Countries Annette
Robert 261
15 The EEC and Cyprus and Turkey Hans Gsiinger 279
16 Externalising Problems in a Future EEC Manfred Biene-
feld 291
Conclusions: the EEC and Unequal Development
(i) Dudley Seers 307
(ii) Constantine Vaitsos 318
Statistical Annex Giselle Marques 323
Index 353
List of Tables
5.1 Regional and national average rates of unemploy-
mentinEECcountries, 1968, 1973 and 1978 76
5.2 Regional or state per capita product and income
differences in relation to national (or Community)
average 78-9
5.3 Community GDP and the aggregate GDP ofItaly,
the United Kingdom and Ireland, 1973-7 80
5.4 Gross energy consumption, internal production
and net imports, 1977; cost of energy supply, 1976-
80 {as percentage of GNP) 81
5.5 EECtrade, 1958, 1972 and 1977 83
5.6 The trend in the volume ofthe General Budget of
theEEC, 1973-9 85
5.7 General trend in expenditure and revenue, 1979-
~ ~
5.8 Community loan commitments, 1973-8 88
5.9 Total Community structural grant (EAGGF
Guidance, Social Fund, Regional Fund, ECSC
Fund) commitments per capita, 1975-8 93
5.10 Labour migration in the Community: foreign
employees in member states by nationality, 1976 96
6.1 Percentage shares of different sectors in total
Italian employment and gross domestic product
during the 1950sand 1960s 101
6.2 Average yearly changes in principal Italian econ-
omicvariables{inreal terms) 104
6.3 Percentage shares of Italian exports of manufac-
tures 108
6.4 Composition of EEC countries' exports of manu-
factures 109
6.5 Indexes of per capita income 112
vii
viii Lislo/Tables
6.6 Indexes of regional differences for a twenty-year
period,1951-71 113
7.1 Imports to and exports from Ireland 125
7.2 Sectoral employment and total population trends
in Ireland 127
8.1 Conditional estimates of the EEC effect on UK
manufactured exports, 1973-7, based on high and
low elasticity assumptions 142
8.2 Conditional estimates of the EEC effect on UK
manufactured imports, 1973-7, based on high and
low elasticity assumptions 143
8.3 Conditional estimates of the EEC effect on UK
manufacturing trade, 1973-7, based on intermedi-
ate elasticity assumptions 145
8.4 UK net invisible transactions, 1973-7 146
8.5 UK direct investment overseas 147
8.6 Net cash receipts and payments between EEC
members, 1978 148
9.1 Structural change in the French economy, 1960-
76 158
9.2 French trade balance with different countries,
1960-76 160
9.3 French trade balance, 1970-6 161
9.4 French foreign trade structure, 1960-73 161
9.5 Index of French export specialisations within
EEC 162
9.6 World export market shares, 1901-76 162
9.7 Share in exports of the nine EEC countries 163
9.8 French market shares by main sectors, 1961 and
1974 164
9.9 Turnover of French firms under foreign control in
the industrial sector (except food industry) 166
9.10 Geographical breakdown of gross foreign direct
investment flows to France 167
9.11 Developed market economy shares in stock of
direct investment abroad 168
9.12 France's net receipts from the EAGGF 172
10.1 Comparison of cumulative trade balance of the six
largest capitalist countries, 1970-7 179
10.2 International sectoral hierarchies in trade between
futureEECmembers, 1955 181
List of Tables
IX
1O.3a Trade intensities between EEC member
countries, 1958-72 182
lO.3b Trade intensities of the new EEC member
countries with the Six, 1972 183
10.4 The dominating position of the West German
economy in Western European trade, 1975 vs.
1956: Shares of major trading countries in Western
European imports 184
10.5 Rank and percentage shares of major machinery
exporters in machinery imports of Western and
Southern European countries, 1975 186
10.6 The contribution of selected 'core' industries to
West German foreign trade surpluses, 1960-8 187
10.7 West German (merchandise) trade balance,
1960-76,accordingtomajorcountrygroupings 188
10.8 Shares of the most important partner countries in
West Germany's main international economic
exchanges,1977 190
1O.9a Employment in West German manufacturing,
1970 and 1978, in main industry 192
1O.9b West German manufacturing industries ranked
according to decreases in employment, 1970 to
1978 192
11.1 Regional disparities in the EEC, 1957-77 202-3
11.2 Average annual GDP per capita growth rates,
196~7 7 in EEC countries 204
11.3 Population changes 207
11.4 Regional dispersion ofGDP per capita 209
11.5 Regional dispersion ofGDP per capita 210
11.6 Unemployment rate 211
11.7 Total and per capita commitments from ERDF
and number of projects involved, 1975-8 214
13.1 EEC exports to selected country groups as a pro
portion of total exports 239
13.2 The share of the ACPs in EEC exports of machin
ery and transport equipment 240
13.3 Percentage share of EEC countries in EEC trade
withtheACP 242
13.4 EEC multinationals and the ACP textile industry 244
13.5 ACP trade with the EEC as percentage of total
ACPtrade 246
