Table Of ContentIntegrating Human Factors
Methods and Systems
Thinking for Transport
Analysis and Design
Human Factors of Simulation and Assessment
Series Editors:
Dr. Michael G. Lenné
Monash University Accident Research Centre, Australia
&
Dr. Mark Young
Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, UK
Increasing Motorcycle Conspicuity: Design and Assessment of Interventions to
Enhance Rider Safety
Lars Rößger, Michael G. Lenné, and Geoff Underwood
ISBN 9781472411129 hardcover • (2015)
ISBN 9781138747647 paperback • (2017)
Integrating Human Factors Methods and Systems Thinking for Transport Analysis
and Design
Gemma J. M. Read, Vanessa Beanland, Michael G. Lenné, Neville A. Stanton, and
Paul M. Salmon
ISBN 9781409463191 • (2017)
Simulators for Transportation Human Factors: Research and Practice
Mark S. Young and Michael G. Lenné
ISBN 9781472411433 • (2017)
Human Factors of Simulation and Assessment
Series Editors:
Integrating Human Factors
Dr. Michael G. Lenné
Monash University Accident Research Centre, Australia
&
Methods and Systems
Dr. Mark Young
Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, UK
Thinking for Transport
Increasing Motorcycle Conspicuity: Design and Assessment of Interventions to
Analysis and Design
Enhance Rider Safety
Lars Rößger, Michael G. Lenné, and Geoff Underwood
ISBN 9781472411129 hardcover • (2015)
ISBN 9781138747647 paperback • (2017)
Integrating Human Factors Methods and Systems Thinking for Transport Analysis
and Design
Gemma J. M. Read, Vanessa Beanland, Michael G. Lenné, Neville A. Stanton, and
Paul M. Salmon
ISBN 9781409463191 • (2017)
Gemma J. M. Read
Simulators for Transportation Human Factors: Research and Practice Vanessa Beanland
Mark S. Young and Michael G. Lenné
Michael G. Lenné
ISBN 9781472411433 • (2017)
Neville A. Stanton
Paul M. Salmon
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-1387-4923-8 (Paperback)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4094-6319-1 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC,
a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Read, Gemma J. M., author.
Title: Integrating human factors methods and systems thinking for transport
analysis and design / Gemma J.M. Read, Vanessa Beanland, Michael G.
Lenné, Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Series: Human
factors of simulation and assessment | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017002249| ISBN 9781409463191 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315589022 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Highway-railroad grade crossings--Safety measures. |
Roads--Design and construction--Human factors. | Traffic signs and
signals. | Automobile drivers--Psychology. | Railroad
accidents--Prevention. | Traffic accidents--Prevention.
Classification: LCC TF263 .R43 2017 | DDC 388.3/122--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002249
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works Dedication
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4094-6319-1 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts For our colleagues Tom and Eric, and for all those who
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have been affected by crashes at rail level crossings
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC,
a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Read, Gemma J. M., author.
Title: Integrating human factors methods and systems thinking for transport
analysis and design / Gemma J.M. Read, Vanessa Beanland, Michael G.
Lenné, Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Series: Human
factors of simulation and assessment | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017002249| ISBN 9781409463191 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315589022 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Highway-railroad grade crossings--Safety measures. |
Roads--Design and construction--Human factors. | Traffic signs and
signals. | Automobile drivers--Psychology. | Railroad
accidents--Prevention. | Traffic accidents--Prevention.
Classification: LCC TF263 .R43 2017 | DDC 388.3/122--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002249
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................xix
About the Authors ...................................................................................................xxi
Section i introduction to the Research Approach
Chapter 1 Systems Thinking in Transport Analysis and Design ..........................3
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................3
1.1.1 Systems Thinking and Rail Level Crossings ...............4
1.2 Understanding the Systems Thinking Approach ......................5
1.2.1 Rasmussen’s Framework ..............................................6
1.2.2 Sociotechnical Systems Theory ...................................7
1.3 How Does STS and the Systems Thinking Approach
Apply to Rail Level Crossing Collisions? .................................8
1.3.1 The Rail Level Crossing System ..................................8
1.3.2 Rasmussen’s Accident Causation Tenets ......................8
1.4 Systems Thinking Applied: The Crash at Kerang ..................11
1.4.1 The Individual Perspective .........................................13
1.4.2 A Systems Perspective on Kerang ..............................13
1.5 Summary .................................................................................16
Chapter 2 An Overview of Key Human Factors Approaches and Methods .......19
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................19
2.2 Data Collection Methods for Understanding
Human Performance ................................................................20
2.2.1 Observation ................................................................20
2.2.2 Vehicle Measures .......................................................20
2.2.3 Eye Tracking...............................................................24
2.2.4 Verbal Protocol Analysis ............................................25
2.2.5 Cognitive Task Analysis Interviews ...........................25
2.2.6 Workload ....................................................................27
2.2.7 Usability and Subjective Preference Measures ..........28
2.3 Data Collection Methods for Understanding
System Performance ................................................................28
2.3.1 Document Review and Analysis ................................29
2.3.2 Input from Subject-Matter Experts ............................29
2.4 Systems-Focussed Analysis Methods ......................................30
2.4.1 Network Analysis .......................................................30
2.4.2 Hierarchical Task Analysis ........................................32
vii
viii Contents
2.4.3 Systematic Human Error Reduction and
Prediction Approach ...................................................33
2.4.4 Cognitive Work Analysis ...........................................33
2.5 Human Factors Design Methods .............................................34
2.5.1 Scenarios and Stories .................................................34
2.5.2 Personas ......................................................................35
2.5.3 Inspiration Cards ........................................................35
2.5.4 Assumption Crushing .................................................36
2.5.5 Metaphors and Analogies ...........................................36
2.6 Summary .................................................................................36
Chapter 3 An Integrated Framework for Transport Analysis and Design ..........37
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................37
3.2 A Research Programme Underpinned by Sociotechnical
Systems Theory .......................................................................37
3.3 The Research Framework ........................................................43
3.3.1 Phase 1 – Data Collection ..........................................44
3.3.2 Phase 2 – Existing Systems Analysis .........................45
3.3.3 Phase 3 – Development of Novel Designs ..................45
3.3.4 Phase 4 – Evaluation of Designs ................................47
3.4 Summary .................................................................................47
Section ii Rail Level crossing Data collection
and Analysis
Chapter 4 Understanding the Factors Influencing User Behaviour ....................51
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................51
4.2 On-Road Studies ......................................................................53
4.2.1 Participants .................................................................54
4.2.2 Instrumented Vehicle .................................................54
4.2.3 Test Routes .................................................................54
4.2.4 Data Collection Procedure .........................................54
4.2.5 Data Sources ...............................................................56
4.2.6 Key Findings ..............................................................57
4.2.6.1 Urban Rail Level Crossings ........................57
4.2.6.2 Rural Rail Level Crossings .........................58
4.3 Cognitive Task Analysis Interviews ........................................60
4.3.1 Interview Procedure ...................................................61
4.3.2 Data Analysis .............................................................63
4.3.3 Key Findings ..............................................................63
4.3.3.1 Novice versus Experienced Drivers ............64
4.3.3.2 Urban versus Rural Environments ..............64
Contents ix
4.4 Diary Study .............................................................................65
4.4.1 Participants .................................................................65
4.4.2 Survey Format and Content ........................................66
4.4.3 Key Findings ..............................................................66
4.4.3.1 Predictors of Non-Compliant Behaviour ....67
4.4.3.2 Differences between Road Users ................67
4.5 Input from Subject-Matter Experts ..........................................68
4.5.1 Key Findings ..............................................................68
4.5.1.1 Monitoring Infrastructure ...........................68
4.5.1.2 Monitoring Road Users ...............................69
4.5.1.3 Route Knowledge ........................................69
4.6 Summary .................................................................................70
Chapter 5 A Systems Analysis of Rail Level Crossings .....................................71
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................71
5.2 CWA of Rail Level Crossing Systems .....................................72
5.2.1 Analysis Approach .....................................................72
5.2.2 Work Domain Analysis ..............................................72
5.2.3 Control Task Analysis ................................................78
5.2.3.1 Contextual Activity Template .....................78
5.2.3.2 Decision Ladders ........................................81
5.2.4 Strategies Analysis .....................................................83
5.2.5 Social Organisation and Cooperation Analysis .........86
5.2.6 Summary of Findings from CWA ..............................89
5.3 HTA of Rail Level Crossing Systems ......................................90
5.3.1 Analysis Approach .....................................................91
5.3.2 HTA of Rail Level Crossings .....................................91
5.4 SHERPA of Rail Level Crossing Systems ..............................94
5.4.1 Analysis Approach .....................................................94
5.4.2 SHERPA Analysis of Rail Level Crossings ...............96
5.5 Summary .................................................................................96
Section iii Design of new Rail Level crossing
environments
Chapter 6 A Participatory Approach to Designing Rail Level Crossings .........101
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................101
6.2 Philosophy Underpinning the CWA-DT ...............................101
6.2.1 Contrasting Sociotechnical Systems Theory
and Traditional Safety Management Approaches ....105
