Integrated watershed management in rainfed agriculture

488 Pages·2011·9.16 MB·English

by  S P Wani

Integrated Watershed Management
in Rainfed Agriculture
Integrated Watershed Management
in Rainfed Agriculture
Suhas P. Wani
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-AridTropics (ICRISAT),
Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh,India
Johan Rockström
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI),Stockholm,Sweden
K.L. Sahrawat
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-AridTropics (ICRISAT),
Patancheru,Andhra Pradesh,India
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of theTaylor & Francis Group,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wani,S. P. (Suhas Pralhad),1952–
Integrated watershed management in rainfed agriculture /
Suhas P.Wani,Johan Rockström,Kanwar Lal Sahrawat.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-415-88277-4 (hardback :alk. paper)
1. Dry farming. 2. Watershed management. 3. Dry farming—
Economic aspects. 4. Agricultural productivity. I. Rockström,Johan.
II. Sahrawat,K. L. III. Title.
SB110.W26 2011
631.5’86—dc23
2011027889
Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema
P.O.Box447,2300AKLeiden,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk–www.balkema.nl
ISBN:978-0-415-88277-4 (Hbk)
ISBN:978-0-415-89148-6 (eBook)
Contents
Preface xvii
Foreword xix
Listofcontributors xxi
1 Improvinglivelihoodsinrainfedareasthroughintegratedwatershed
management: Adevelopmentperspective 1
1.1 Introductionandoverview 1
1.2 Thesemi-aridtropicsandtheimportanceofrainfedfarming 2
1.3 Theobjectivesofwatershedmanagement 3
1.4 Themainexperience 3
1.5 Understandingthenatureofruralpoverty 4
1.5.1 Landlessness 4
1.5.2 Women 5
1.5.3 Subsistence 5
1.5.4 Debtandawareness 5
1.5.5 Health 5
1.5.6 Humanrights 6
1.5.7 Environment 6
1.5.8 Trends 6
1.5.9 Assistance 6
1.5.10 Equityandinclusion 7
1.5.11 Migration 7
1.5.12 Casestudy 7
1.5.13 Indicatorsofprogress 8
1.6 Fourstagestopullaruralcommunityoutofpoverty 8
1.6.1 TheProcess 9
1.6.1.1 Stage1 9
1.6.1.2 Stage2 9
1.6.1.3 Stage3 10
1.6.1.4 Stage4 10
1.6.2 Recentimprovements 10
1.6.3 Communityresourcecenters 11
1.6.4 Income-generatingactivities 11
vi Contents
1.6.5 Secondgenerationinterventions:marketlinks 11
1.6.6 Durationofsupportandcoordination 12
1.6.7 BetteruseoftheNGOsascollaboratorsorimplementers 12
1.7 Aspectsoftheprocessofwatershedimplementation 13
1.7.1 Managementofwatershed 13
1.7.2 GroupsandJankars 14
1.7.3 Savings,loans,andcredit 15
1.7.4 Literacyandnumeracy 15
1.7.5 Expenditure 15
1.7.6 Landownership 15
1.7.7 Spreadanddissemination 16
1.7.8 Lackofspreadoflocallysuccessfulwatershed
interventionsinIndia 16
1.7.9 Sustainability 16
1.7.10 Subsidiesandcostcontributions 17
1.8 Technologyforthepoor 17
1.8.1 Generalprinciples 17
1.8.1.1 Participatoryvarietalselection(PVS) 18
1.8.1.2 Clientorientedbreeding 18
1.8.1.3 Seedpriming 19
1.8.1.4 Technologiesforwomen 19
1.8.1.5 Soilconservation 19
1.8.1.6 Soilfertility 20
1.8.1.7 Croppestcontrol 20
1.8.1.8 Renewableenergytechnologies 20
1.8.1.9 Communityempowerment 21
1.8.2 Water 21
1.8.3 Trees 23
1.8.4 Livestockandfodder 25
1.8.5 Aquaculture 26
1.9 Futureresearchneeds 27
1.10 Concludingremarksandwayforward 30
References 30
2 Watersheddevelopmentasagrowthengineforsustainable
developmentofrainfedareas 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Aconceptofsafeoperatingspaceforhumanity 37
2.3 Currentstatusofrainfedagriculture 38
2.4 Vastpotentialtoincreasecropyieldsinrainfedareas 39
2.5 Improvedwaterproductivityisakeytounlockthe
potentialofrainfedagriculture 42
2.6 Wateralonecannotdoit 45
2.7 Integratedwatershedmanagementiskeyforsustainable
managementoflandandwaterresourcesandimprovedlivelihoods 46
References 48
Contents vii
3 Watersheddevelopmentforrainfedareas:Concept,
principles,andapproaches 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Watershedconcept 53
3.3 Importanceoflanduseplanninginwatersheddevelopment 56
3.4 Criteriaforprioritizationofwatersheds 57
3.5 Commonfeaturesofthewatersheddevelopmentmodel 58
3.6 EvolutionofwatersheddevelopmentapproachinIndia 60
3.7 Needforaholisticapproachforwatershedmanagement 63
3.8 Evolutionoftheconsortiumapproach 64
3.9 Componentsofintegratedwatershedmanagement 65
3.9.1 EntryPointActivity 65
3.9.2 Landandwaterconservationpractices 68
3.9.3 Integratedpestandnutrientmanagement 69
3.9.4 Farmers’participatoryresearchanddevelopmenttrials 69
3.9.5 Cropdiversificationandintensificationofcropsandsystems 70
3.9.6 Useofmultipleresources 71
3.9.7 Capacitybuilding 72
3.10 Keyfeaturesoffacilitatingtheconsortiumapproach 74
3.10.1 Needforacommongoal–teambuilding 74
3.10.2 Buildingonthestrengths 74
3.10.3 Institutionalizationofpartnerships 74
3.10.4 Internalandexternalinstitutionalarrangements 75
3.10.5 Dynamicandevolving 75
3.10.6 Scaling-up/outtheapproach 75
3.11 Advantagesofconsortiumapproach 75
3.11.1 Sustainability 75
3.11.2 Cost-effectiveness 76
3.11.3 Win-winsolutionthroughempowermentofpartners 76
3.11.4 Rapidscaling-up 76
3.11.5 Changeinorganizationalbehavior 76
3.11.6 Public-privatepartnershipsarefacilitated(multipliereffect) 77
3.12 Learningsfromtheexperienceandtriggersforsuccess 77
3.13 Operationalizingcommunitywatershedasagrowthengine 78
3.14 Watershedasanentrypointtoimprovelivelihoods 79
3.15 Convergenceinwatershed 79
3.16 Multiplebenefitsfromintegratedwatersheddevelopment 80
3.17 Conclusions 81
References 82
4 Equityinwatersheddevelopment:Imperatives
forpropertyrights,resourceallocation,andinstitutions 87
4.1 Introduction 87
4.1.1 Thecontext 87
4.1.2 Exclusionoflandlessandwomen:RoleofCPLRs 88
viii Contents
4.1.3 Groundwaterandequity 89
4.1.4 Project-basedequity 90
4.1.5 Linkagesbetweentechnology,allocationoffunds,
andinstitutions:Theissueofmode 90
4.1.6 Equityinpolicyandguidelines 91
4.1.7 Objectivesandapproach 92
4.2 Equity,propertyrights,andbiophysicalcharacteristics 92
4.2.1 Equityandpropertyrelationsinlandandwater 92
4.2.1.1 Historicallyembeddedinequalitiesinaccessto
landandwater 92
4.2.1.2 Land:Domainsofownership 93
4.2.1.3 Ownership,landuse,andCPLR 93
4.2.1.4 Ownershipandlandlessness 94
4.2.2 Water:Availabilityandincreasingwaterscarcity 94
4.2.2.1 Propertyrelationsinwater 95
4.2.2.2 Waterisalocalandnon-localresource 95
4.2.2.3 Spatialorlocationinequities 96
4.2.2.4 Howdothebiophysicalcharacteristics
actuallyplayout? 96
4.2.3 Waterisacommonpoolresourceandhascompetinguses 97
4.2.3.1 Themeetingofpropertyrelationsandthe
biophysicalcharacteristics 97
4.2.3.2 Watershedalsocreatesconditionsfora
positivesumgame 97
4.2.4 Effortstoaddressequity 98
4.2.4.1 Equityincoverage 99
4.2.4.2 Targetedapproach 99
4.2.4.3 Commonlands 100
4.2.4.4 Equitablesharingofincreasedwater 100
4.2.4.5 Producesharingarrangements 101
4.2.4.6 Attemptsatriskproofing/poolingand
sharingarrangements 102
4.2.5 Mainobservations 102
4.3 Fundsallocationandsubsidies 103
4.3.1 Natureofwatershedtreatmentsamongsamplevillages 104
4.3.2 Perceivedbenefits:Sourcesandbeneficiaries 105
4.3.3 Totalnumberofbeneficiaries:Someapproximation 106
4.3.4 Distributionofsubsidiesandalternativemechanisms 107
4.3.5 Overallevidence 108
4.4 Equityandinstitutions 109
4.4.1 Criticalityofinstitutionalprocessforequityinwatershed 109
4.4.2 Institutionalchallenges:LearningfromtheCPRliterature 109
4.4.3 InstitutionswithinWDPs:Provisionsinvariousguidelines 110
4.4.4 Learningfromthepastexperience:Takingstock 111
4.4.4.1 Participatoryprocesses:Alargerview 112
4.4.4.2 SHGsandusergroups:Atoolforequity 112
4.4.4.3 CPLRsandinstitutions 113
Contents ix
4.4.5 Examplesofgoodpractices 113
4.4.5.1 Streamliningequityconsideration:Caseof
CWDP-Orissa 113
4.4.5.2 Public-privatecollaborationforforest
developmentinwatersheds:AcaseofIGWDPin
Ahmednagardistrict 114
4.4.5.3 Sujalawatershedandsocialregulations 115
4.4.6 Mainobservations 117
4.5 Gendermainstreaming 117
4.5.1 Enhancingwomen’sparticipationandmainstreaming
ofwomenSHGs 118
4.5.2 Promotionofmicro-enterprises 118
4.5.3 Institutionalchallenges 120
4.6 Policyimplicationsandwayforward 121
4.6.1 Multi-prongedapproach 121
4.6.2 Policyrecommendation 121
4.6.3 Wayforward 122
References 124
5 Policiesandinstitutionsforincreasingbenefitsof
integratedwatershedmanagementprograms 129
5.1 Introduction 129
5.2 IntegratedwatershedmanagementprograminIndia 130
5.3 Policyendorsementatmacrolevel 131
5.4 Watersheddevelopmentguidelines 135
5.4.1 Thenewcommonguidelines 136
5.5 Institutionalarrangementsforwatersheddevelopment 137
5.5.1 NationalRainfedAreaAuthority 141
5.5.2 CentralLevelNodalAgency 142
5.5.3 StateLevelNodalAgency 142
5.5.4 DistrictWatershedDevelopmentUnit 142
5.5.5 Projectimplementingagency 142
5.5.6 WatershedCommittee 143
5.5.7 Self-helpgroups 143
5.5.8 Usergroups 143
5.6 Promotingcloserinstitutionallinks 143
5.7 Dealingwithpolicyandinstitutionalconstraints 145
5.7.1 Collectiveaction 145
5.7.2 Bottom-upapproach 146
5.7.3 Capacitybuilding 146
5.7.4 Knowledge-basedEntryPointActivity 146
5.7.5 Empoweringwomenandvulnerablegroups 147
5.8 Sustainablewatershedmanagement:Roleofcommonguidelines 147
5.8.1 Institutionalresponsibilities 148
5.8.2 Delegationofpowertothestates 148
x Contents
5.8.3 Dedicatedinstitutions 149
5.8.4 Convergence 149
5.8.5 Consortiumapproach 150
5.8.6 Addressingequity 150
5.8.7 Projectmanagement 151
5.8.9 Post-projectsustainability 151
5.9 Operationalizingpolicies 151
5.10 Conclusions 153
References 154
6 Applicationofnewsciencetoolsinintegratedwatershed
managementforenhancingimpacts 159
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Newsciencetoolsforwatershedmanagement 160
6.2.1 Geographicalinformationsystem(GIS) 160
6.2.2 Remotesensing 161
6.3 Crop-growthsimulationmodeling 163
6.4 Fieldsensorsanddatacommunicationdevices 165
6.4.1 GlobalPositioningSystem 166
6.4.2 AutomaticWeatherStation 166
6.4.3 Mobiledevices 166
6.5 Datastorageanddissemination 167
6.6 Spatialtechnologiesinrainfedagricultureand
watershedmanagement 167
6.6.1 CharacterizationofproductionsystemsinIndia 167
6.6.2 Landusemappingforassessingfallowsand
croppingintensity 168
6.6.3 Spatialdistributionofrainyseasonfallowsin
MadhyaPradesh 172
6.6.4 Spatialdistributionandquantificationofrice-fallowsin
SouthAsia:Potentialforlegumes 172
6.6.5 GISmappingofspatialvariabilityof
soilmicronutrientsatdistrictlevel 175
6.6.6 Assessmentofseasonalrainfallforecastingand
climateriskmanagementoptionsforpeninsularIndia 175
6.6.7 Baselinestudiestodelineatewatershed 177
6.6.8 Regional-scalewaterbudgetingforSATIndia 180
6.6.9 Spatialwaterbalancemodelingofwatersheds 180
6.7 Integratedwatershedmanagementforlandandwater
conservationandsustainableagriculturalproductioninAsia 183
6.7.1 Assessmentofagroclimaticpotential 183
6.7.2 Climaticwaterbalance 183
6.7.3 ClimaticwaterbalanceofwatershedsinChina,
Thailand,Vietnam,andIndia 183
6.7.4 Rainfedlengthofgrowingperiod 184
Contents xi
6.7.5 Droughtmonitoringatwatersheds 185
6.7.6 Weatherforecastingforagriculture 185
6.7.7 Watershedmonitoring 186
6.7.8 Satelliteimagesforimpactassessment 186
6.7.9 MonitoringandevaluationofNWDPRA
watershedsusingremotesensing 187
6.7.10 MonitoringandimpactassessmentofAdarshawatershed 188
6.8 Technologyintegration 195
6.8.1 Fielddatatransmission 196
6.8.2 SensorWeb 197
6.8.3 Spatialsimulationmodeling 197
6.8.4 UseofICTinwatershedmanagement 198
6.8.5 Intelligentwatershedinformationsystem 198
6.9 Summaryandconclusions 200
References 201
7 Soilandwaterconservationforoptimizingproductivityand
improvinglivelihoodsinrainfedareas 205
7.1 Introduction 205
7.2 Soilandwaterconservationpractices 207
7.2.1 In-situsoilandwaterconservation 207
7.2.1.1 Contourcultivationandconservationfurrows 209
7.2.1.2 Tiedridges 212
7.2.1.3 Scoops(orpitting) 213
7.2.1.4 Broad-bedandfurrowandrelatedsystems 215
7.2.2 Bunding 221
7.2.2.1 Contourbunding 221
7.2.2.2 Modifiedcontourbunds 222
7.2.2.3 Gradedbunding 223
7.2.2.4 Fieldbunding 224
7.2.2.5 Compartmentalbunding 224
7.2.2.6 Vegetativebarriers 225
7.2.3 Tillage 227
7.2.3.1 Zerotillageorminimumtillageor
conservationtillage 229
7.2.4 Ex-situsoilandwaterconservation
(runoffharvestingandsupplementalirrigation) 231
7.2.4.1 Cropresponsestosupplementalirrigation 235
7.2.5 Indigenoussoilandrainwaterconservationpractices 237
7.3 Enhancingtheimpactsofsoilandwaterconservationandwater
harvestinginterventionsthroughintegratedwatershedapproach 239
7.4 Strategiesforimprovingadoptionofsoilandwater
conservationpracticesbyfarmers 240
7.5 Conclusions 242
References 243