Integrated Quantum Hybrid Systems

291 Pages·2015·6.768 MB·English

by  Janik Wolters

Integrated Quantum
Hybrid Systems

Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
Integrated Quantum
Hybrid Systems
Janik Wolters
editors
Preben Maegaard
Anna Krenz
Wolfgang Palz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
CRC Press
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Version Date: 20150810
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July17,2015 10:54 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Janik-Wolters-prelims
Contents
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
PARTI: FUNDAMENTALSOFQUANTUMOPTICS
Introduction 11
2 FromClassicalElectrodynamicstotheQuantized
Hamiltonian 13
2.1 ChargedParticlesandNormalModes 13
2.2 ClassicalParticleandFieldDynamics 15
2.2.1 CanonicalVariables 15
2.2.2 HamiltonEquations 16
2.2.3 CoulombField 17
2.2.4 Space-RelatedVariables 17
2.2.5 Radiation-RelatedVariables 18
2.2.6 MaxwellEquations 18
2.2.7 Momentum-RelatedVariables 19
2.2.8 DipoleApproximation 20
2.3 TheQuantizedHamiltonian 21
3 PropertiesoftheQuantizedElectromagneticField 25
3.1 FieldObservables 25
3.2 FockStates 26
3.3 CoherentStates 28
3.4 QuasiContinuumandDensityofStates 30
4 Light–MatterInteraction 31
4.1 Second-OrderPerturbationTheory 31
4.1.1 Absorbtion 32
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vi Contents
4.1.2 Emission 32
4.1.3 PhotonDetectionandStatistics 34
4.1.4 ExcitationofTwo-LevelSystems 36
4.1.5 TotalSpontaneousEmissionRate 39
4.1.6 SteadyStateSolutionoftheTwo-Level
System 40
4.1.7 DynamicBehaviorofTwo-LevelSystems 41
4.1.8 PhotonStatisticsoftheEmissionofTwo-Level
Systems 43
4.1.9 Three-LevelSystems 44
4.2 CoherentInteractions 46
4.2.1 OpticalBlochEquations 46
4.2.2 AnalogytoSpinsinMagneticFields 49
4.2.3 Steady-StateSolution 49
4.2.4 RabiOscillations 50
4.2.5 BlochVector 51
4.2.6 UndampedRabiOscillationswithDetuning 52
4.2.7 StaticDecoherence 52
4.2.8 Measurement-InducedDecoherence 53
4.2.9 TheQuantumZenoEffect 54
4.3 Three-LevelSystems 55
4.3.1 The(cid:2)System 55
4.3.2 StimulatedRamanTransition 57
4.4 CavityQuantumElectrodynamics 58
4.4.1 CavityModes 59
4.4.2 Jaynes–CummingsModel 61
4.4.3 One-PhotonBlochEquations 62
4.4.4 VacuumRabiSplitting 63
4.4.5 VacuumRabiOscillationsandPurcellEffect 63
PARTII: QUANTUMSYSTEMSFORINTEGRATIONINTOHYBRIDDEVICES
Introduction 69
5 QuantumDots 71
5.1 QuantumDotWavefunctionandLevelStructure 72
5.2 ExperimentswithSingleQuantumDots 74
5.2.1 SinglePhotonSource 75
July17,2015 10:54 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Janik-Wolters-prelims
Contents vii
5.2.2 EntangledPhotonSource 77
5.2.3 SpinQubit 78
6 SingleMolecules 81
6.1 FundamentalsofSingleMolecules 82
6.2 ExperimentswithSingleMolecules 84
6.2.1 RoomTemperatureSinglePhotonSource 84
6.2.2 OpticallyDetectedMagneticResonance 86
7 ColorCentersinDiamond 89
7.1 Nanodiamond 91
7.2 Silicon-VacancyCenterinDiamond 92
7.3 Nitrogen-VacancyCenterinDiamond 94
7.3.1 ObservationofSingleNitrogen-Vacancy
Centers 94
7.3.2 ExcitedStateLifetimeandSpectralProperties 96
7.4 SpectralDiffusion 97
7.4.1 TechniquesforMeasuringSpectralDiffusion 99
7.4.2 TheTheoryofPhotonCorrelation
Interferometry 100
7.4.3 MeasurementofSpectralDiffusionbyPhoton
CorrelationInterferometry 101
7.4.4 ResultsofSpectralDiffusionMeasurements 103
7.5 SpinPhysicsofNitrogen-VacancyCenters 107
7.5.1 OrbitalsandTripletLevels 107
7.5.2 SingletLevelsandSpinStateDetection 110
7.5.3 OpticalDetectionofMagneticResonances 111
7.5.4 CoherentSpinManipulation 112
7.6 SimplifiedModelandEffectofStrainon
Nitrogen-VacancyCenters 114
7.7 DemonstrationoftheQuantumZenoEffect 118
PARTIII: OPTICALMICROSTRUCTURES
Introduction 125
8 ElectrodynamicsinMedia 127
8.1 Maxwell’sEquationsinDielectricMedia 127
July17,2015 10:54 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Janik-Wolters-prelims
viii Contents
8.2 LinearIsotropicDielectrics 129
8.2.1 ElectricFieldperPhoton 130
8.2.2 TheClassicalWaveEquation 130
8.3 SpontaneousEmissioninUniformDielectrics 130
8.4 ElectrodynamicsasanEigenvalueProblem 131
8.5 SymmetriesinDielectricStructures 132
8.5.1 MirrorSymmetries 132
8.5.2 TranslationSymmetries 133
8.6 TotalInternalReflection 135
9 ImmersionMicroscopy 137
9.1 LiquidImmersionMicroscopy 137
9.2 SolidImmersionMicroscopy 138
10 IndexGuidingStructures 141
10.1 GuidedModesinInfiniteDielectricSlabs 141
10.1.1 SymmetryConsiderations 141
10.1.2 ModeGuiding 142
10.2 StripWaveguidesandFibers 144
10.3 WhisperingGalleryModesinDiskResonators 145
10.3.1 FabricationofDiskResonators 146
10.3.2 MeasurementoftheModeStructureofDisk
Resonators 147
11 PhotonicCrystals 151
11.1 IntroductiontoPhotonicCrystals 151
11.2 PhotonicCrystalSlabs 153
11.2.1 GeometryandBandStructure 153
11.2.2 Fabrication 155
11.3 PhotonicCrystalWaveguides 158
11.4 PhotonicCrystalCavities 160
11.4.1 L3Cavity 161
11.4.2 OptimizedL3Cavity 163
11.4.3 ModulatedWaveguideCavities 165
11.5 ExperimentalStudiesofPhotonicCrystalCavities 167
11.5.1 AnalysisbyIntrinsicFluorescence 167
11.5.2 AnalysisbyPolarizationProperties 169
11.6 TuningofPhotonicCrystalCavities 171