integrated pest and disease management manual for custard apple

252 Pages·2017·9.41 MB·English

INTEGRATED PEST AND
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
MANUAL
FOR
CUSTARD APPLE

Dr Alan George, Roger Broadley, Don Hutton, Simon Redpath,
Grant Bignell, Bob Nissen, David Bruun and Geoff Waite

Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Maroochy Research

Facility, PO Box 5083, SCMC, Nambour 4560.

Third Edition - December 2015
The production of this manual was funded by the Australian
Government through Horticulture Innovation Australia (HAI), and
Custard Apples Australia (CAA).

Authors

Alan George Former Senior Principal Horticulturist, QDAF
Roger Broadley Science Leader, QDAF
Simon Redpath Former Technical Officer, QDAF
Don Hutton Former Senior District Experimentalist, QDAF
Grant Bignell Research Scientist, QDAF
Bob Nissen Former Senior District Experimentalist, QDAF
Geoff Waite Former Senior Entomologist, QDAF
David Bruun Field Operations Manager, QDAF

We would also like to acknowledge the valuable contributions by Phil and
Patti Stacey, Bruce Sloper, Ros and Kerry Smerdon, Paul Thorne, Peter
Trebbin, John Kilpatrick, Wayne Stewart and many other custard apple
growers.

Date of Publication: June 2011
Updated: December 2015

Any recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily represent current
Horticulture Innovation Australia or DAF policy. No person should act on the basis of the
contents of this publication, whether as to matters of fact or opinion or other content, without
first obtaining specific, independent professional advice in respect of the matters set out in this
publication. Use only registered chemicals in accordance with manufacturers’ labels. Check the
APVMA web site for the latest information on registered chemicals as registrations can change
over time.
Integrated Pest and Disease Management
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 IPDM – AN OVERVIEW 10
1.1 Australian custard apple industry 11
1.2 The traditional approach to pest and disease control 11
1.3 The modern approach to pest and disease control - IPDM 12
1.4 Components of IPM 13
1.4.1 Biological control 13
1.4.2 Cultural control 13
1.4.3 Chemical control 13
1.5 The modern approach to disease control – IDM 14
1.6 IPDM processes and procedures 15

2 PRIORITY PESTS AND DISEASES 17
2.1 Review of pests and control methods in custard apples 18
2.2 Priority pests 19
2.3 Priority diseases 20
2.4 Fruit disease survey 21
2.4.1 Survey design 21
2.4.2 Variation in disease incidence - growers 21
2.4.3 District variation in disease incidence 22

3 DISEASES 25
3.1 Pseudocercospora spot 26
3.1.1 Symptoms 27
3.1.2 Causal organism 27
3.1.3 History 27
3.1.4 Occurrence and distribution 27
3.1.5 Chemical control 28
3.1.6 Orchard management strategies 29
3.2 Anthracnose 30
3.2.1 Symptoms 31
3.2.2 Causal organism 31
3.2.3 History 31
3.2.4 Occurrence and distribution 31
3.2.5 Chemical control 32
3.2.6 Orchard management strategies 32
3.3 Purple blotch 33
3.3.1 Symptoms 33
3.3.2 Causal organism 33
3.3.3 History 33
3.3.4 Occurrence and distribution 33
3.3.5 Chemical control 33
3.3.6 Orchard management strategies 34
3.4 Diplodia rot 35
3.4.1 Symptoms 35
3.4.2 Causal organism 35
3.4.3 History 35
3.4.4 Occurrence and distribution 35
3.4.5 Chemical control 35
3.4.6 Orchard management strategies 35
3.5 Black canker 36
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Integrated Pest and Disease Management
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.
3.5.1 Symptoms 36
3.5.2 Causal organism 36
3.5.3 History 36
3.5.4 Occurrence and distribution 36
3.5.5 Chemical control 36
3.5.6 Orchard management strategies 36
3.6 Cylindrocladium fruit rot 37
3.6.1 Symptoms 37
3.6.2 Causal organism 37
3.6.3 History 37
3.6.4 Occurrence and distribution 37
3.6.5 Chemical control 37
3.6.6 Orchard management strategies 37
3.7 Sooty mould 38
3.7.1 Symptoms 38
3.7.2 Causal organism 38
3.7.3 History 39
3.7.4 Occurrence and distribution 39
3.7.5 Chemical control 39
3.7.6 Orchard management strategies 39
3.8 Collar rot 40
3.8.1 Symptoms 40
3.8.2 Causal organism 40
3.8.3 History 40
3.8.4 Occurrence and distribution 40
3.8.5 Chemical control 40
3.8.6 Orchard management strategies 41
3.8.6.1 Host plants 41
3.8.6.2 Drainage 41
3.8.6.3 Rootstock selection 41
3.8.6.4 Mulching 41
3.9 Pink disease 43
3.9.1 Symptoms 43
3.9.2 Causal organism 43
3.9.3 History 43
3.9.4 Occurrence and distribution 43
3.9.5 Chemical control 43
3.9.6 Orchard management strategies 43
3.10 Armillaria root rot 45
3.10.1 Symptoms 45
3.10.2 Causal organism 45
3.10.3 History 45
3.10.4 Occurrence and distribution 45
3.10.5 Chemical control 45
3.10.6 Orchard management strategies 45
3.11 Other root diseases 46
3.11.1 Symptoms 46
3.11.2 Causal organism 46
3.11.3 History 47
3.11.4 Occurrence and distribution 47
3.11.5 Chemical control 47
3.11.6 Orchard management strategies 47

2
Integrated Pest and Disease Management
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.
4 PESTS 48
4.1 Fruit spotting bugs 49
4.1.1 Damage 49
4.1.2 Species and description 50
4.1.3 Life cycle 53
4.1.4 Importance and distribution 53
4.1.5 Monitoring 54
4.1.5.1 Weather conditions and migration 54
4.1.5.2 Hot spots 54
4.1.5.3 Host plants 56
4.1.5.4 Hot spot spraying 57
4.1.5.5 Orchard monitoring 57
4.1.5.6 Action levels 58
4.1.6 Chemical control 59
4.1.6.1 Hot spot spraying 59
4.1.6.2 Registered insecticides 59
4.1.6.3 Alternative insecticides 59
4.1.6.4 Spay volumes 59
4.1.7 Biological control 59
4.1.7.1 Predators 59
4.1.7.2 Parasitoids 60
4.1.7.3 Alternate habitats 62
4.17.4 Local area management 62
4.1.8 Orchard management strategies 62
4.1.8.1 Reducing bug migration 62
4.1.8.2 Tree pruning 62
4.1.8.3 Netting 63
4.1.8.4 Physical barriers 63
4.1.8.5 Decoy and trap trees 63
4.1.8.6 Host plant volatiles 64
4.2 Mealybugs 65
4.2.1 Damage 65
4.2.2 Species and description 65
4.2.3 Life cycle 66
4.2.4 Importance and distribution 66
4.2.5 Monitoring 67
4.2.6 Chemical control 67
68
4.2.6.1 Clothianidin (Samurai) 68
4.2.6.2 Sulfoxaflor (Transform) 68
4.2.6.3 Imidacloprid (Confidor) 68
4.2.6.4 Parafinnic oils 68
4.2.6.5 Methidathion 68
4.2.6.6 Buprofezin (Applaud) 69
4.2.6.7 Chemical control of ants 70
4.2.7 Biological control 70
4.2.7.1 Leptomastic wasp 71
4.2.7.2 Cryptolaemus ladybird 72
4.2.7.3 Lacewings 74
4.2.7.4 Anagyrus agraensis 77
4.2.7.5 Diadiplosis koebeli 77
4.2.7.6 Other beneficials 78
4.2.8 Orchard management strategies 78
4.2.8.1 Control ant movement 78
3
Integrated Pest and Disease Management
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.
4.2.8.2 Skirting 78
4.2.8.3 Brushing of fruit 79
4.3 Ants 80
4.3.1 Damage 80
4.3.2 Species and description 82
4.3.3 Life cycle 82
4.3.4 Importance and distribution 83
4.3.5 Monitoring 84
4.3.5.1 Action level 84
4.3.6 Chemical control 84
4.3.6.1 Ground sprays 84
4.3.6.2 Baits 85
4.3.6.3 Sticky bands 86
4.3.7 Biological control 86
4.4 Nigra scale 87
4.4.1 Damage 87
4.4.2 Species and description 87
4.4.3 Life cycle 87
4.4.4 Importance and distribution 87
4.4.5 Monitoring 88
4.4.6 Chemical control 88
4.4.7 Biological control 89
4.4.8 Orchard management strategies 90
4.5 Green coffee scale 90
4.5.1 Damage 90
4.5.2 Species and description 90
4.5.3 Life cycle 91
4.5.4 Importance and distribution 91
4.5.5 Monitoring 91
4.5.6 Chemical control 91
4.5.7 Biological control 91
4.5.7.1 Parasites 91
4.5.7.2 Predators 92
4.5.7.3 Pathogens 93
4.5.8 Orchard management strategies 93
4.6 Long soft scale 94
4.6.1 Damage 94
4.6.2 Species and description 94
4.6.3 Life cycle 94
4.6.4 Importance and distribution 95
4.6.5 Monitoring 95
4.6.6 Chemical control 95
4.6.7 Biological control 95
4.6.7.1 Parasites 95
4.6.7.2 Predators 95
4.6.7.3 Pathogens 95
4.6.8 Orchard management strategies 96
4.7 Mussel scale 97
4.7.1 Damage 97
4.7.2 Species and description 97
4.7.3 Life cycle 97
4.7.4 Importance and distribution 98
4.7.5 Monitoring 98
4.7.6 Chemical control 98
4
Integrated Pest and Disease Management
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.
4.7.7 Biological control 98
4.7.7.1 Parasites 98
4.7.7.2 Predators 99
4.7.7.3 Pathogens 99
4.7.8 Orchard management strategies 99
4.8 Yellow peach moth 100
4.8.1 Damage 100
4.8.2 Species and description 100
4.8.3 Life cycle 100
4.8.4 Importance and distribution 101
4.8.5 Monitoring 101
4.8.6 Chemical control 101
4.8.6.1 Methidathion® 101
4.8.6.2 Prodigy® 101
4.8.7 Biological control 102
4.8.8 Orchard management strategies 103
4.9 Queensland fruit fly 104
4.9.1 Damage 104
4.9.2 Species and description 104
4.9.3 Life cycle 104
4.9.4 Importance and distribution 105
4.9.5 Monitoring 106
4.9.5.1 Types of traps 106
4.9.5.2 Amulet Cue Lure Station 108
4.9.5.3 Modified Steiner traps 109
4.9.6 Chemical control 109
4.9.6.1 Male annihation technique 109
4.9.6.2 Standard bait sprays 109
4.9.6.3 Development of new bait sprays 111
4.9.6.4 Naturalure fruit fly bait 112
4.9.6.5 Non-foliar bait application 112
4.9.6.6 Cover sprays of insecticides 112
4.9.6.7 Disinfesation 113
4.9.7 Biological control 115
4.9.8 Orchard management strategies 115
4.9.8.1 Removal of host trees 115
4.9.8.2 Orchard hygiene 115
4.9.8.3 Harvesting fruit at the right maturity 115
4.9.8.4 Exclusion netting 115
4.10 Elephant weevil 117
4.10.1 Damage 117
4.10.2 Species and description 117
4.10.3 Life cycle 117
4.10.4 Importance and distribution 117
4.10.5 Monitoring 117
4.10.6 Chemical control 117
4.10.7 Biological control 117
4.10.8 Orchard management strategies 117
4.11 Triangle Butterfly 119
4.11.1 Damage 119
4.11.2 Species and description 119
4.11.3 Life cycle 119
4.11.4 Importance and distribution 119
4.11.5 Monitoring 119
5
Integrated Pest and Disease Management
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.
4.11.6 Chemical control 120
4.11.7 Biological control 120
4.11.8 Orchard management strategies 120
4.12 Torticidae moths 121
4.12.1 Damage 121
4.12.2 Species and description 121
4.12.3 Life cycle 121
4.12.4 Importance and distribution 122
4.12.5 Monitoring 122
4.12.6 Chemical control 122
4.12.7 Biological control 122
4.12.8 Orchard management strategies 122
4.13 Tea Mosquito 123
4.13.1 Damage 123
4.13.2 Species and description 123
4.13.3 Life cycle 124
4.13.4 Importance and distribution 124
4.13.5 Monitoring 124
4.13.6 Chemical control 124
4.13.7 Biological control 124
4.13.8 Orchard management strategies 124
4.14 Two spotted mite 125
4.14.1 Damage 125
4.14.2 Species and description 126
4.14.3 Life cycle 126
4.14.4 Importance and distribution 127
4.14.5 Monitoring 128
4.14.6 Chemical control 128
4.14.7 Biological control 128
4.14.7.1 Predators 128
4.14.7.2 Pathogens 130
4.14.8 Orchard management strategies 130
4.15 Avocado leaf roller 131
4.15.1 Damage 131
4.15.2 Species and description 131
4.15.3 Life cycle 131
4.15.4 Importance and distribution 132
4.15.5 Monitoring 132
4.15.6 Chemical control 132
4.15.7 Biological control 132
4.15.8 Orchard management strategies 132
4.16 Fruit piercing moth 133
4.16.1 Damage 133
4.16.2 Species and description 133
4.16.3 Life cycle 134
4.16.4 Importance and distribution 134
4.16.5 Monitoring 134
4.16.6 Chemical control 134
4.16.7 Biological control 134
4.16.8 Orchard management strategies 134

MONITORING 135
6
Integrated Pest and Disease Management
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.
5 5.1 Economic injury 136
level
5.2 Important monitoring issues 136
5.2.1 Correct identification of pests and diseases 136
5.2.2 Repeatable and accurate results 137
5.2.3 Number of trees per sample 138
5.2.4 Selecting trees within blocks for the monitoring sample 138
5.2.5 Parts of the tree to be sampled 138
5.2.6 Frequency of monitoring 138
5.2.7 Time needed for monitoring 139
5.3 Data recording and reporting 139
5.3.1 Sample cards 139
5.3.2 Orchard report forms 142
5.4 Recoding pesticide applications and release of 142
enemies
5.5 Computer spreadsheets and population graphs 144
5.6 Decision making 145
5.6.1 Action levels 145
5.6.1.1 Method 1 145
5.6.1.2 Method 2 145
5.7 Appropriate action 145
5.8 Post-harvest assessments 146
5.9 Research 146

ORCHARD 149
MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES
6 6.1 Introduction 150
6.2 Pre-planting considerations 150
6.2.1 Disease-free planting material 150
6.2.2 Varietal selection 151
6.2.3 Rootstock selection 151
6.2.4 Soil drainage and mounding 151
6.2.5 Tree training system 152
6.2.6 Proximity to neglected orchards 152
6.2.7 Windbreaks 153
6.3 Post-planting considerations 154
6.3.1 Pruning 154
6.3.2 Under-tree mulching 156
6.3.3 Mulching of prunings 158
6.3.4 Removal of diseased fruit and diseased prunings 158
6.3.5 Tree skirting 159
6.3.6 Nutrition 159
6.3.7 Weed control and inter-row cover crops 159
6.3.8 Dust control 160
6.3.9 Bird control 160
6.3.10 Irrigation 160
6.3.11 Hot spot spraying 160
6.3.12 Harvest at the correct stage of maturity 160

INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES 161
7 7.1 Registered 162
chemicals
7.1.1 Product registration 162
7
Integrated Pest and Disease Management
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.
7.1.2 APVMA approved pesticides 162
7.1.3 Minor use permits 166
7.1.4 Requested minor use permits 167
7.2 Withholding periods 168
7.3 Toxicity of pesticides to beneficials 169
7.4 Chemical classes 169
7.5 Mode of action 171
7.51 Insecticides 171
7.52 Fungicides 171
7.6 Water quality 173
7.7 Description of the more important pesticides 174
7.7.1 Organophospahates 174
7.7.2 Carbamates 175
7.7.3 Oils 175
7.7.3.1 Types of oils 175
7.7.3.2 Properties of oils 176
7.7.3.3 Pesticide effectiveness of oils 176
7.7.3.4 Formulations of oils 177
7.7.3.5 Standards for HMOS and AMOS 177
7.7.3.6 Pest control using oils 178
7.7.3.7 Thinks to know when using HMOs and AMOs 178
7.7.3.8 Controlling soft scale and mealybugs 179
7.7.3.9 Controlling armoured (hard scale) 179
7.7.3.10 Spray volumes 179
7.7.3.11 Phytoxicity 180
7.7.4 Copper sprays 181
7.7.4.1 Mode of action 181
7.7.4.2 Copper formulations 181
7.7.4.3 Particle size and retention 181
7.7.4.4 The impact of water pH 183
7.7.4.5 Phytotoxicity 183
7.7.4.6 Best practice tips 184
7.7.5 Buprofezin (Applaud®) insecticide 184
7.7.6 Pyraclostrobin 185
7.8 Effects of weather conditions on spray efficacy 187
7.9 Pesticide safety 187
7.10 Material safety data sheets 187
7.11 Maximum residue levels 188
7.12 How pesticides enter the body 188
7.13 Common symptoms of poisoning 188
7.14 First aid instruction and safety directions handbook 188
7.15 Spray accreditation 189
7.16 Pesticides and the environment 189
7.17 Drummuster and Chemclear 189

PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS 192
8 8.1 Custard apple 193
pest and disease
management
programs
8.1.1 Introduction 193
8.1.2 Weather conditions 193
8.1.3 Stages of tree and fruit growth 194
8.1.3.1 Dormancy 194
8