Table Of ContentIETMATERIALS,CIRCUITS AND DEVICES SERIES 77
Integrated Optics
Othervolumesinthisseries
Volume2 AnalogueICDesign:Thecurrent-modeapproachC.Toumazou,F.J.Lidgey
andD.G.Haigh(Editors)
Volume3 Analogue–DigitalASICs:Circuittechniques,designtoolsandapplications
R.S.Soin,F.MalobertiandJ.France(Editors)
Volume4 AlgorithmicandKnowledge-BasedCADforVLSIG.E.TaylorandG.Russell
(Editors)
Volume5 SwitchedCurrents:Ananaloguetechniquefordigitaltechnology
C.Toumazou,J.B.C.HughesandN.C.Battersby(Editors)
Volume6 High-FrequencyCircuitEngineeringF.Nibleretal.
Volume8 Low-PowerHigh-FrequencyMicroelectronics:Aunifiedapproach
G.Machado(Editor)
Volume9 VLSITesting:Digitalandmixedanalogue/digitaltechniquesS.L.Hurst
Volume10 DistributedFeedbackSemiconductorLasersJ.E.Carroll,J.E.A.Whiteaway
andR.G.S.Plumb
Volume11 SelectedTopicsinAdvancedSolidStateandFibreOpticSensors
S.M.Vaezi-Nejad(Editor)
Volume12 StrainedSiliconHeterostructures:MaterialsanddevicesC.K.Maiti,
N.B.ChakrabartiandS.K.Ray
Volume13 RFICandMMICDesignandTechnologyI.D.RobertsonandS.Lucyzyn
(Editors)
Volume14 DesignofHighFrequencyIntegratedAnalogueFiltersY.Sun(Editor)
Volume15 FoundationsofDigitalSignalProcessing:Theory,algorithmsand
hardwaredesignP.Gaydecki
Volume16 WirelessCommunicationsCircuitsandSystemsY.Sun(Editor)
Volume17 TheSwitchingFunction:AnalysisofpowerelectroniccircuitsC.Marouchos
Volume18 SystemonChip:NextgenerationelectronicsB.Al-Hashimi(Editor)
Volume19 TestandDiagnosisofAnalogue,Mixed-SignalandRFIntegratedCircuits:
ThesystemonchipapproachY.Sun(Editor)
Volume20 LowPowerandLowVoltageCircuitDesignwiththeFGMOSTransistor
E.Rodriguez-Villegas
Volume21 TechnologyComputerAidedDesignforSi,SiGeandGaAsIntegrated
CircuitsC.K.MaitiandG.A.Armstrong
Volume22 NanotechnologiesM.Wauteletetal.
Volume23 UnderstandableElectricCircuitsM.Wang
Volume24 FundamentalsofElectromagneticLevitation:Engineeringsustainability
throughefficiencyA.J.Sangster
Volume25 OpticalMEMSforChemicalAnalysisandBiomedicineH.Jiang(Editor)
Volume26 HighSpeedDataConvertersA.M.A.Ali
Volume27 Nano-ScaledSemiconductorDevicesE.A.Gutie´rrez-D(Editor)
Volume28 SecurityandPrivacyforBigData,CloudComputingandApplications
L.Wang,W.Ren,K.R.ChooandF.Xhafa(Editors)
Volume29 Nano-CMOSandPost-CMOSElectronics:Devicesandmodelling
S.P.MohantyandA.Srivastava
Volume30 Nano-CMOSandPost-CMOSElectronics:CircuitsanddesignS.P.Mohanty
andA.Srivastava
Volume32 OscillatorCircuits:Frontiersindesign,analysisandapplicationsY.Nishio
(Editor)
Volume33 HighFrequencyMOSFETGateDriversZ.ZhangandY.Liu
Volume34 RFandMicrowaveModuleLevelDesignandIntegrationM.Almalkawi
Volume35 DesignofTerahertzCMOSIntegratedCircuitsforHigh-SpeedWireless
CommunicationM.FujishimaandS.Amakawa
Volume38 SystemDesignwithMemristorTechnologiesL.Guckertand
E.E.SwartzlanderJr.
Volume39 Functionality-EnhancedDevices:AnalternativetoMoore’slaw
P.-E.Gaillardon(Editor)
Volume40 DigitallyEnhancedMixedSignalSystemsC.Jabbour,P.Desgreysand
D.Dallett(Editors)
Volume43 NegativeGroupDelayDevices:FromconceptstoapplicationsB.Ravelo
(Editor)
Volume45 CharacterisationandControlofDefectsinSemiconductorsF.Tuomisto
(Editor)
Volume47 UnderstandableElectricCircuits:Keyconcepts.2ndEditionM.Wang
Volume48 Gyrators,SimulatedInductorsandRelatedImmittances:Realizationsand
applicationsR.Senani,D.R.Bhaskar,V.K.SinghandA.K.Singh
Volume49 AdvancedTechnologiesforNextGenerationintegratedCircuits
A.SrivastavaandS.Mohanty(Editors)
Volume51 ModellingMethodologiesinAnalogueIntegratedCircuitDesignG.Dundar
andM.B.Yelten(Editors)
Volume53 VLSIArchitecturesforFutureVideoCodingM.Martina(Editor)
Volume54 AdvancesinHigh-PowerFiberandDiodeLaserEngineeringI.Divliansky
(Editor)
Volume55 HardwareArchitecturesforDeepLearning
M.DaneshtalabandM.Modarressi
Volume57 Cross-LayerReliabilityofComputingSystemsG.DiNatale,A.Bosio,
R.Canal,S.DiCarloandD.Gizopoulos(Editors)
Volume58 MagnetorheologicalMaterialsandTheirApplicationsS.ChoiandW.Li
(Editors)
Volume59 AnalysisandDesignofCMOSClockingCircuitsforLowPhaseNoise
W.BaeandD.K.Jeong
Volume60 IPCoreProtectionandHardware-AssistedSecurityforConsumer
ElectronicsA.SenguptaandS.Mohanty
Volume64 Phase-LockedFrequencyGenerationandClocking:Architecturesand
circuitsformodemwirelessandwirelinesystemsW.Rhee(Editor)
Volume65 MEMSResonatorFiltersR.M.Patrikar(Editor)
Volume66 FrontiersinHardwareSecurityandTrust:Theory,designandpractice
C.H.ChangandY.Cao(Editors)
Volume67 FrontiersinSecuringIPCores;Forensicdetectivecontrolandobfuscation
techniquesA.Sengupta
Volume68 HighQualityLiquidCrystalDisplaysandSmartDevices:Vol.1andVol.2
S.Ishihara,S.KobayashiandY.Ukai(Editors)
Volume69 FibreBraggGratingsinHarshandSpaceEnvironments:Principlesand
applicationsB.A¨ıssa,E.I.Haddad,R.V.KruzeleckyandW.R.Jamroz
Volume70 Self-HealingMaterials:Fromfundamentalconceptstoadvancedspace
andelectronicsapplications,2ndEditionB.A¨ıssa,E.I.Haddad,R.V.
KruzeleckyandW.R.Jamroz
Volume71 RadioFrequencyandMicrowavePowerAmplifiers:Vol.1andVol.2
A.Grebennikov(Editor)
Volume72 TensorialAnalysisofNetworks(TAN)ModellingforPCBSignalIntegrity
andEMCAnalysisB.RaveloandZ.Xu(Editors)
Volume73 VLSIandPost-CMOSElectronicsVolume1:VLSIandpost-CMOS
electronicsandVolume2:Materials,devicesandinterconnectsR.Dhiman
andR.Chandel(Editors)
Integrated Optics
Volume 2: Characterization, devices
and applications
Edited by
Giancarlo C. Righini and Maurizio Ferrari
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
†TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2021
Firstpublished2020
ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright
Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch
orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany
formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin
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Whiletheauthorsandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegiveninthis
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AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-1-83953-343-3(Hardback)
ISBN978-1-83953-344-0(PDF)
TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited
PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon
Dedicated to two exceptional women: Prof. Vera Russo, who 50years ago
got me involved in integrated optics, and my wife, Marta, who for as many
years went with me with her love and great patience.
–Giancarlo C.Righini
ToProfs. Georges Boulon, Eugene Duval, Andre Monteil, andall the friends
of the PCML laboratory in Lyon, where Istarted to develop my passionate
interest for glassphotonics.
–Maurizio Ferrari
Contents
Abouttheeditors xv
Preface xvii
Part I:Characterization techniques 1
1 Optical characterization techniques 3
Lidia Zur
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Ellipsometry 3
1.2.1 Theory 4
1.2.2 Types of ellipsometers 5
1.2.3 Analysis of the data 6
1.2.4 Applications 8
1.3 Fluorescence spectroscopy 10
1.3.1 Apparatus 11
1.3.2 Data analysis 11
1.3.3 Fluorescence lifetimes 12
1.3.4 Fluorescence quenching 13
1.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) 14
1.4.1 Theory 14
1.4.2 Apparatus 15
1.4.3 Data analysis 16
1.4.4 Applications 18
1.5 Raman spectrometry 18
1.5.1 Theory 19
1.5.2 Apparatus 20
1.5.3 Data analysis 20
1.5.4 Applications 21
1.6 Optical waveguide characterization 22
1.6.1 General 22
1.6.2 Refractive index measurements 22
1.6.3 Geometrical characterization 24
1.6.4 Optical lossmeasurement 24
1.7 Summary 25
Acknowledgments 25
References 26
