Integrated Greenhouse Systems for Mild Climates: Climate Conditions, Design, Construction, Maintenance, Climate Control

362 Pages·2011·19.416 MB·English

by  Christian von Zabeltitz (auth.)

Integrated Greenhouse Systems for Mild Climates
.
Christian von Zabeltitz
Integrated Greenhouse
Systems for Mild Climates
Climate Conditions, Design, Construction,
Maintenance, Climate Control
Professorem.Dr.-Ing.
ChristianvonZabeltitz
LeibnizUniversityHannover
FacultyofNaturalScience
InstituteforBiologicalProductionSystem
SectionBiosystemsandHorticultural
Engineering
Hellwiesen3
30900Wedemark
Germany
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-642-14581-0 e-ISBN978-3-642-14582-7
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-14582-7
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010937857
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011
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Preface
Greenhouse crop production in rural areas is an increasing industry in countries
with mild climate conditions, even in tropical regions with appropriate tem-
peratures throughout the year. It provides a major source of income even for
small scale growers, and fresh food with good quality for the population.
Conventional open-field cultivation is either not possible in some regions (arid
or tropical zones) or faces a number of problems, which protected cultivation
offers the possibility of resolving. The import of highly sophisticated green-
house technology from industrialized countries can fail because the technology
is not adapted to the local conditions and climate, and due to an insufficient
capital return. Plastic film greenhouses predominate in regions with mild cli-
mate. Very often, they are designed on the principle of minimum capital input.
The aim should be to design low-cost systems with high technological and
economical efficiency.
Thecontentsofthisbookaretheresultsofactivitiesasresearcherandteacherat
theLeibnizUniversityofHannover(Germany),ofconsultancymissionsindevel-
oping countries, and of the cooperation in a joint research project between the
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), the Leibniz University of Hannover and the
KasetsartUniversityinBangkok.Theauthorworkedformanyyearsasconsultant
for appropriate greenhouse design in numerous tropical, subtropical and arid
countries. The consultancy missions were carried out by order of the Food and
AgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,FAO,andtheGermanAgencyfor
TechnicalCooperation,GTZ,andforprivatecompanies.
Important research results of internationally well-known scientists were taken
into consideration, as well as German results and publications, written in the
German language, which have not been considered in international references so
far.ThelatestreferenceliteraturehasbeenconsidereduptoJuly2009.
Theauthoristhankfulforthepossibilitytocollect allthese experiencesandto
givethembacktowhoeveritmayconcern.
v
vi Preface
Thisbookgivesinstructionsfortechnicalactionsinpractice(howtodoandhow
nottodo!),andinthatwayitmayalsostimulateengineersintheindustry,teachers,
students, extension service and growers to design appropriate greenhouses under
varyinglocalclimateconditions.Manydrawingsandpicturessupportreadingand
understanding.
Wedemark,Germany ChristianvonZabeltitz
June2010
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................ 1
2 ClimateConditionsandClassification .................................... 5
2.1 TheClimateElements .................................................. 5
2.1.1 SolarRadiation .................................................. 5
2.1.2 Temperature ..................................................... 9
2.1.3 Precipitation ................................................... 12
2.2 ClassificationofClimates ............................................. 17
2.2.1 A.TropicalHumidZones ..................................... 17
2.2.2 B.DryZones .................................................. 17
2.2.3 C.SubtropicalZones .......................................... 19
2.2.4 D.TemperateZones ........................................... 21
2.2.5 E.Boreal ....................................................... 21
2.2.6 F.Polar ........................................................ 21
2.2.7 TropicalandEquatorialZone ................................. 21
2.2.8 SubtropicalClimate:C ........................................ 23
2.2.9 DryClimates:B ............................................... 24
2.2.10 Highlands:H ................................................... 24
3 CropGrowthRequirementsandClimateControl ..................... 29
3.1 ClimateRequirements ................................................. 29
3.2 ConsequencesforGreenhouseConstruction .......................... 30
3.3 MeasuresforClimateControl ......................................... 30
3.4 TropicalRegions ....................................................... 31
3.5 SubtropicalRegions ................................................... 33
3.6 AridRegions ........................................................... 42
4 DesignCriteriaforGreenhouses ......................................... 45
4.1 GreenhouseTypes ..................................................... 46
4.2 SiteSelection .......................................................... 46
4.3 GeneralDesignCriteria ................................................ 47
vii
viii Contents
4.4 LoadsforGreenhouseStructures ...................................... 47
4.5 GeneralRequirements ................................................. 48
4.5.1 Ar:TropicalWetClimates ..................................... 48
4.5.2 Aw:TropicalWetandDryClimates ........................... 49
4.5.3 Cf:SubtropicalHumid .......................................... 50
4.5.4 Cs:SubtropicalDrySummer.Mediterranean .................. 51
4.5.5 H:TropicalHighlands .......................................... 51
4.5.6 B:DryClimates ................................................. 52
4.6 GeneralDesignRequirements ......................................... 52
4.6.1 A.Structure ..................................................... 52
4.6.2 B.ClimateControl .............................................. 56
4.6.3 C.IntegratedPlantProductionandProtection(IPP) ........... 57
5 GreenhouseStructures .................................................... 59
5.1 RoundArchedTunnelGreenhouses ................................... 62
5.1.1 ImprovementsforTunnelGreenhouses ........................ 65
5.1.2 Dimensions ..................................................... 66
5.1.3 PointedArchedConstruction ................................... 68
5.1.4 EnlargedTunnelGreenhouse ................................... 69
5.2 Multi-SpanGreenhouses ............................................... 71
5.3 GreenhousesforTropicalLowlands ................................... 76
5.4 GreenhousesforTropicalHighlandsandSubtropics ................. 85
5.5 GreenhouseConstructionsforAridRegions .......................... 90
5.6 ScreenandShadeHouses .............................................. 93
5.7 SpecificGreenhouses ................................................. 100
5.7.1 ParralType,Almeria .......................................... 100
5.7.2 GreenhousesforBanana ....................................... 104
5.7.3 GreenhousesforTerraces ...................................... 104
5.7.4 Tent-typeConstruction ........................................ 106
5.8 LifeCycleAssessment,LCA ......................................... 111
5.8.1 Results ......................................................... 128
6 LightTransmittanceofGreenhouses ................................... 137
7 CladdingMaterial ........................................................ 145
7.1 Materials .............................................................. 145
7.1.1 UltraVioletRadiation(UV) ................................... 147
7.1.2 PhotosyntheticActiveRadiationPARorVisibleLight ...... 147
7.1.3 LongWaveRadiation,FarInfraredFIR ....................... 148
7.2 InfluenceofDustandDirt ............................................ 148
7.3 InfluenceofSelectiveSpectralTransmittance ....................... 149
7.3.1 TransmittanceandBlockingofUVRadiation ................ 152
7.3.2 PhotoselectivePlasticFilmsandScreens ..................... 157
7.3.3 NearInfrared(NIR)BlockingandReflectingMaterials ...... 159
7.3.4 DiffuseLight ................................................... 162
7.3.5 DropCondensation ............................................ 162
Contents ix
8 GreenhouseComponents,Mounting,Installation
andMaintenance ...................................................... 169
8.1 Foundation ............................................................ 169
8.2 ConnectionsandClamps ............................................. 170
8.2.1 How to Do and How Not to Do the Clamp
Connections .................................................. 171
8.3 FasteningandStretchingoftheCladdingMaterial .................. 174
8.4 Leaks .................................................................. 179
8.5 Windbreaks ........................................................... 185
9 Ventilation ................................................................ 193
9.1 NaturalVentilation ................................................... 193
9.1.1 AirExchange .................................................. 194
9.1.2 VentilationOpeningArea ..................................... 195
9.1.3 VentilationEfficiency ......................................... 199
9.2 TypesofNaturalVentilationOpenings .............................. 200
9.2.1 SideWallVentilation .......................................... 200
9.2.2 RoofVentilation ............................................... 201
9.2.3 SideWallandRoofVentilation ............................... 215
9.2.4 VentilationofSpecificGreenhouses .......................... 220
9.3 ForcedVentilation .................................................... 228
10 InsectScreening ......................................................... 233
10.1 EnlargementofScreenedVentOpenings ......................... 235
10.2 NecessaryEnlargementofScreenedVentOpenings ............. 237
10.2.1 MethodofSaseandChristiansen(1990) ................. 237
10.2.2 CalculationofA /A byusingmethodsofBaileyetal.
S V
(2003)andTeitel(2006) .................................. 238
10.3 ClimateConditionsandPestControl ............................. 240
11 Cooling ................................................................... 251
11.1 FanandPadCooling ............................................. 252
11.2 PadLocation ..................................................... 254
11.3 VerticalPadSystemandWaterCirculation ..................... 254
11.4 HorizontalPads .................................................. 255
11.5 PadEfficiency .................................................... 255
11.6 PadMaterialandThickness ...................................... 257
11.6.1 PadArea .................................................. 260
11.6.2 PadInstallationandMaintenance ........................ 262
11.6.3 OperationofFanandPadSystem ........................ 263
11.7 Fans ............................................................... 264
11.7.1 AirandWaterFlowRate ................................. 265
11.8 FogSystem ....................................................... 270
11.8.1 UpwardFogging .......................................... 274
11.9 SprayCooling .................................................... 276
x Contents
12 Heating ................................................................... 285
12.1 HeatRequirement ................................................. 286
12.2 FuelConsumption ................................................. 288
12.3 HeatingSystems ................................................... 290
12.4 GeothermalEnergyforGreenhouseHeating ..................... 297
12.5 SolarHeating ...................................................... 301
13 CropWaterRequirementandWaterUseEfficiency ................ 313
13.1 CropWaterRequirement .......................................... 313
13.1.1 ThisPenman–MonteithMethodCanAlsoBeApplied
forGreenhouseConditions,iftheParameters
AreAdaptedtoGreenhouseClimateConditions ......... 314
13.1.2 Example1:Almeria(Spain) .............................. 316
13.1.3 Example2:Bangkok(Thailand) .......................... 316
13.1.4 Example3:Antalya(Turkey)andBangalore(India) ..... 316
13.2 WaterUseEfficiency ............................................. 317
14 RainwaterCollectionandStorage ..................................... 321
14.1 CalculationoftheStorageVolume ............................... 322
14.2 Example1:StorageVolumeforClimateConditions
inBangalore(India) ............................................... 323
14.3 Example2:StorageVolumeforClimateConditions
inAntalya(Turkey) ............................................... 324
14.4 DesignofRainwaterStorageBasins .............................. 324
15 DesalinationofSaltyWaterandClosed-SystemGreenhouses ...... 329
15.1 SolarDesalinationSystems ....................................... 329
15.2 Closed-SystemGreenhouse ....................................... 332
16 CO Enrichment ........................................................ 341
2
Annexes ....................................................................... 343
AnnexA .................................................................. 343
AnnexB .................................................................. 346
AnnexC .................................................................. 347
References .................................................................... 349
Index .......................................................................... 361