Table Of ContentIntegrated Evaluation of Disability
Integrated Evaluation of Disability
Ramar Sabapathi Vinayagam
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Vinayagam, Ramar Sabapathi, author.
Title: Integrated evaluation of disability / Ramar Sabapathi Vinayagam.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2019] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018023696 | ISBN 9781138501904 (hbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN
9781351165440 (ebook)
Subjects: | MESH: Disability Evaluation | Rehabilitation--methods | Patient
Care Planning | Holistic Health
Classification: LCC RC71.3 | NLM WB 320 | DDC 616.07/5--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018023696
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Dedication
My wife
Sulochana Ramar
My children
Pazhani Hariram Jothi and Maheswari Ramar
Nagarajan Ganapathy and Nalini Ramar
Mahendran Natchadalingam and Balaabhirami Ramar
Grandchildren
Kishore Nagarajan
Anjana Jothi
Manojavan Nagarajan
Sriram Jothi
Vinay Navaneethan Mahendran
Contents
Forewords xvii
Abdulla Ahmed Eyadeh xvii
Mayilvahanan Natarajan xix
S. Sabhesan xx
Perumal Thiagarajan xxi
S. Harikrishnan xxii
V. Velayutham xxiii
S. Ammamuthu xxiv
M.G. Rajamanickam xxv
Preface xxvii
Author xxix
Acknowledgments xxxi
Disclaimer xxxv
1 Introduction to disability 1
1.1 Major life activities 1
1.2 Who is disabled? 1
1.3 Definitions of impairment, limitation of activity, participation restriction, disability 1
1.4 Causes and classification of disabilities 1
1.4.1 Mobility disability 2
1.4.1.1 Motor disability due to congenital or inherited disorders 2
1.4.1.2 Motor disability due to trauma 2
1.4.1.3 Motor disability due to infections 2
1.4.1.4 Motor disability due to rheumatic diseases 2
1.4.1.5 Motor disability due to vascular diseases 2
1.4.1.6 Motor disability due to malignancy 2
1.4.1.7 Motor disability due to other causes 2
1.4.2 Visual disability 3
1.4.3 Hearing disability 3
1.4.4 Mental disability 3
1.4.4.1 Learning disability 3
1.4.4.2 Cognitive (or) intellectual disability 3
1.4.4.3 Psychological and psychiatric disabilities 3
1.4.5 Multiple disabilities 3
1.4.6 Disability related to medical conditions 3
1.5 Temporary and permanent disabilities 3
1.5.1 Temporary disability 3
1.5.2 Permanent disability 3
1.5.3 Progressive disability 3
1.5.4 Regressive disability 3
1.5.5 Intermittent disability 3
1.6 Severity of disability 3
vii
viii Contents
1.7 Prevalence of disability 3
1.7.1 Global prevalence 3
1.7.2 Australia 4
1.7.3 Britain 4
1.7.4 China 4
1.7.5 India 5
1.7.6 Japan 5
1.7.7 United States 5
1.8 Disability adjusted life years—DALY 6
1.9 Rehabilitation 6
1.10 Importance of disability evaluation 6
References 6
2 Basis for Integrated Evaluation of Disability 9
2.1 Methodology for developing an Integrated Evaluation of Disability 9
2.2 Evolution of methods of disability evaluation 9
2.2.1 WHO—ICIDH 1980 9
2.2.2 Medical and social models 10
2.2.3 National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (1993) 10
2.2.4 New Institute of Medicine (IOM) Model (1997): Enabling–Disabling Process Model 10
2.2.5 Institute of Medicine Mathematical Model of Disability 10
2.2.6 World Health Organization’s Disability Assessment Schedule (2000) 11
2.2.7 International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health 2001 11
2.2.7.1 Impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions 11
2.2.7.2 Environmental factors and personal factors 11
2.2.7.3 Biopsychosocial approach 12
2.2.8 World Bank (2007) 12
2.2.9 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (2009) 12
2.2.10 World Disability Report (2011) 13
2.2.11 Prevailing methods of disability evaluation in other countries 13
2.2.12 Prevailing methods of disability evaluation based on ICF 13
2.3 Integrated Evaluation of Disability 13
2.3.1 Concept of the Integrated Evaluation of Disability 13
2.3.2 Need for an integrated evaluation 13
2.3.3 Scope of an Integrated Evaluation of Disability 15
2.3.4 Integrated Evaluation of Disability—Illustrations 15
2.3.4.1 Flaccid paralysis—Right lower extremity 15
2.3.4.2 End-stage renal disease 15
2.3.4.3 Deafness 16
2.3.5 Clinical methods/tools/scales 16
2.3.5.1 Impairment 17
2.3.5.2 Limitation of activity and participation restriction 18
2.3.5.3 Personal and environmental factors 18
2.3.6 Severity scale for disability 18
2.3.7 Basis for assigning impairment or disability 18
2.3.8 Combining impairment by formula 18
2.3.9 Combining impairment, limitation of activity, and participation restriction 18
2.3.10 Criteria for permanent impairment 20
2.3.11 Qualification of personnel to perform disability evaluation 20
2.3.12 Ready Reckoner Impairment Table 20
2.3.13 Software 20
2.3.14 Roadmap to adopt Integrated Evaluation of Disability 20
References 22
3 Literature review and selection of clinical tools and scales 23
3.1 Selection of functions and structures for evaluation of impairment 23
3.2 Review of literature and identification of clinical tools and scales 23
3.3 Selection of activities, participation, and environmental factors 23
Contents ix
3.4 Review of literature and identification of scales for evaluation of limitation of activity, participation
restriction, and environmental and personal factors 26
3.4.1 Functional Status Measures 27
3.4.1.1 Pulses 27
3.4.1.2 Barthel Index 27
3.4.1.3 Katz ADL 27
3.4.1.4 Level of Rehabilitation Scale 27
3.4.1.5 Patient Evaluation and Conference System 27
3.4.1.6 FIM—Functional Independence Measure Instrument 27
3.4.2 Disability: Functional status and quality of life measures 28
3.4.2.1 WHOQOL—100 28
3.4.2.2 Disability Interview Schedule 28
3.4.2.3 Lambeth Disability Screening Questionnaire (Version 3) 28
3.4.2.4 OECD Long-Term Disability Questionnaire 28
3.4.2.5 The Functional Status Rating System 1981 28
3.4.2.6 Functional Autonomy Measurement System—SMAF 28
3.4.3 Health-related quality of life outcome measures 28
3.4.3.1 Nottingham Health Profile 28
3.4.3.2 Sickness Impact Profile 28
3.4.3.3 Short-Form 36 28
3.4.3.4 Quality of Well-Being Scale 29
3.4.3.5 EUROQOL (EQ-5D) 29
3.4.3.6 Health Utility Index 29
3.4.4 Functional and social status outcome measure 29
3.4.4.1 Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique 29
3.4.4.2 Community Integration Questionnaire 29
3.4.4.3 London Handicap Scale 29
3.4.4.4 Assessment of Life Habits Scale 29
3.4.4.5 Frenchay Activities Index 29
3.5 World Health Organization’s Disability Assessment Schedule—WHODAS 2.0 31
3.6 “Activity Participation Skill Assessment Scale,” “Environmental Factors Measurement Scale,” and
“Personal Factors Measurement Scale” 31
3.6.1 Modified Delphi Process 32
3.6.2 WHODAS 2.0 and Activity Participation Skill Assessment, Environmental Factors
Measurement Scales 32
References 33
4 Methods for assigning impairment 37
4.1 Prevailing methods of assigning percentage of disability 37
4.1.1 Earl D. McBride—Disability Evaluation: Principles of Treatment of Compensable Injuries 1955, 1964 37
4.1.2 Henry H. Kessler’s Disability: Determination and Evaluation (1970) 37
4.1.3 Veterans Administration—United States 1976 37
4.1.4 Disability weights: 1999–2002–2008 37
4.1.5 New Institute of Medicine (IOM) Model (1997): Enabling–Disabling Process Model 38
4.1.6 Mathematical Model of Disability 38
4.1.7 Assessing disability in Europe: Similarities and differences—2002 39
4.1.7.1 Belgium 39
4.1.7.2 France 39
4.1.7.3 Italy 39
4.1.7.4 Germany 39
4.1.7.5 Spain 39
4.1.7.6 United Kingdom 39
4.1.8 United States—American Medical Association—Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent
Impairment: 2007 40
4.1.9 Japan—Permanent Disability Social Insurance Programs 40
4.1.10 India—Guidelines for the Evaluation of Various Disabilities and Procedure for Certification: 2001
and 2009 40
