Integrated CAD by Optimization. Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Urban Development and Management

696 Pages·2022·12.156 MB·English

by  B K Chakrabarty

B K Chakrabarty
Integrated CAD
by Optimization
Architecture, Engineering, Construction,
Urban Development and Management
Integrated CAD by Optimization
B K Chakrabarty
Integrated CAD
by Optimization
Architecture, Engineering, Construction,
Urban Development and Management
BKChakrabarty
(FormerlyExecutiveDirector,HUDCO)
IndependentResearcher
NewDelhi,India
ISBN978-3-030-99305-4 ISBN978-3-030-99306-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99306-1
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Acknowledgement
The seed of this book was laid many years back when I was deputed by my
organization, HUDCO to a few reputed Universities of the USA for interaction
under a USAID-funded research grant on ‘Affordable Housing Design and Analy-
sis’. During that time, I was fortunate to attend a presentation by Professor
Charles Eastman at Carnegie Mellon University on ‘Application of Management
ScienceonUrbanIssues’.Thisinspiredmetoworkfurtheronthistopicresultingin
this book for which I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to late Professor Charles
Eastman.
I want to thank my daughter Piali, my son-in-law Debasish, and my loving
granddaughterUrmika,allofwhomputupwithmethroughoutthearduousprocess
of writing this book and provided me with inspiration and emotional support that
madethisbookpossible.
v
Contents
1 IntegratedComputer-AidedDesignbyOptimization:
AnOverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 InformationTechnologyRevolution:ImpactonSociety
andEffectontheWorkingofOrganizationsandProfessions
inVariousSectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 CADasInformationTechnologyApplicationArea. . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 InformationTechnologyRevolutionandCAD
intheAECSector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5 ConventionalDesignandCAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.5.1 SomeUniqueCapabilitiesandAdvantages
ofCADandGraphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6 ComputerizingtheDesignProcess:NeedofHardwares
andSoftware.. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 24
1.6.1 CADandHardwares. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.6.2 SoftwareinCAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.6.3 ComputerAlgorithmsinCAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.6.4 PrinciplesofComputerGraphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.6.5 PrinciplesofCADD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.7 PlanningandDesignProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.7.1 StagesinPlanningandDesignProcess. . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.7.2 PlanningandDesigninArchitecture,Planning,
CivilEngineeringandUrbanDevelopment,i.e.AEC
Sector,asProblem-SolvingProcess:NeedofCAD,
Planning,andDesignAnalysisandOptimization
forProblemSolution. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 35
1.8 DesignAnalysisandCAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.9 DesignOptimizationandCAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 37
1.9.1 SpecialCapabilityofCADtoApplyOptimization. . 38
1.9.2 Optimization:ACrucialNeedinAECSector. . . . . . 39
vii
viii Contents
1.10 IntegratedComputer-AidedDesignbyOptimization. . . . . . . . 41
1.10.1 GeometricModeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.10.2 CostEngineeringDataManagement,Storage,
andTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.10.3 PlanningandDesignAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.10.4 DesignOptimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.10.5 ArchitecturalandEngineeringDrafting. . . . . . . . . . 44
1.11 PlanningandDesignasManagementFunction:Utility
ofIT-CAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.11.1 IT-CADasManagementTechniquestoImprove
Productivity,SocialEquity,andSocial
ResponsivenessinAECOperations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.11.2 UrbanManagementEducation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.12 Closure. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 47
2 Urbanization,UrbanManagement,andComputer-Aided
PlanningandDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2 NeedofEffectiveUrbanManagementtoDeriveBeneficial
ImpactsofUrbanizationandImprovetheQualityofLife
forAll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3 ConventionalPracticeintheUrbanSector:Limitations
andNeedforanIntegratedManagementApproach
UsingModernITTools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.1 ProblemofMultipleActorsandStakeholders
inContextofUrbanDynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.2 DifficultytoAdoptanIntegratedApproach
forUrbanProblemSolution.. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 55
2.3.3 UrbanPlanning,DevelopmentControl,
Efficiency,andSocialEquityinUrbanization:
ACaseStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.3.4 SomeApplicationResultsofOperations
ResearchinUrbanDevelopmentPlanning
andDesignAnalysisforUrbanPolicy
Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.3.5 NeedforanIntegratedUrbanManagement
Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.4 ManagementTheoriesandaConceptofIntegrated
UrbanManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4.1 SystemsApproachtoUrbanManagement. . . . . . . . 68
2.4.2 ManagerialFunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.4.3 UrbanPlanningasthePlanningFunction
inUrbanManagement. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 72
Contents ix
2.5 ApplicabilityandUsefulnessofModernManagement
PrinciplesandTechniquesinUrbanPlanning
andManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.5.1 ModernManagementPrinciplesinUrban
Operations:SomeIllustrativeExamples. . . . . . . . . . 74
2.5.2 ModernManagementTechniquesinUrban
Operations:SomeClarifyingExamples. . . . . . . . . . 79
2.6 UrbanManagementEducation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.6.1 UrbanManagementEducationasaDistinct
Discipline:ACourseDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.6.2 ElementsofUrbanManagementasaSubject
ofStudyforAECProfessionals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.6.3 Computer-AidedDesignasaSubjectofStudy
forAECProfessionals. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . 87
2.7 EquippingUrbanProfessionalsasAccountableManagers
forResource-EfficientandEquitableProblemSolution
intheUrbanSector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.8 Closure. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 92
3 ElementsofNumericalTechniquesandOperationsResearch
forCAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.2 Matrices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.2.1 DeterminantofaMatrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.2.2 RankofaMatrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3 NumericalSolutionofSystemsofLinearSimultaneous
Equations. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.3.1 SolutionofSystemsofLinearEquations
UsingCramer’sRule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.3.2 SolutionofSystemsofLinearEquations
UsingGaussianElimination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.4 NumericalDifferentiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.5 NumericalSolutionofSystemsofNonlinear
SimultaneousEquations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.5.1 SolutionofSingleVariableNonlinear
Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.5.2 SolutionofaSystemofTwoNonlinear
SimultaneousEquations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.5.3 SolutionofaSystemofThreeNonlinear
SimultaneousEquations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.6 AutomatingNonlinearEquationSolutionProcess
UsingNumericalDifferentiationTechnique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.7 Closure. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 124
x Contents
4 ElementsofCostEngineeringandDatabaseManagement
inComputer-AidedDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.2 TimeValueofMoneyandAffordabilityAnalysis
inHousingDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.2.1 HousingAffordabilityAnalysis:Constant
EqualPaymentSeriesinEntirePeriod. . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.2.2 HousingAffordabilityAnalysis:Variable
EqualPaymentSeriesinEachSub-period. . . . . . .. 132
4.3 ComparativeHousingAffordabilityAnalysis:UsingConstant
andVariableEqualPaymentinEachSub-period. . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.4 AffordabilityAnalysisandComputer-AidedDesign. . . . . . . . 134
4.5 ListingoftheCompleteComputerProgram:EMI.CPP. . . . . . 134
4.6 DatabaseManagementinCostEngineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.7 CostEngineeringandDatabaseManagementModel
inCAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.7.1 DatabaseManagementMatrix–LabourandMaterial
QuantityCoefficients(Matrix:LMQC). . . . . . . . .. . 136
4.7.2 DatabaseManagementMatrix:LabourandMaterial
RateCoefficients(Matrix:LMRC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.7.3 ItemsofIllustrativeLabourandMaterials
Considered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.7.4 DetailsofIllustrativeItemsofWorks
Considered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.7.5 DynamicDatabaseManagementMatrix
forUnitCostEstimating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.8 ListingofanIllustrativeCostEngineeringDatabase
ManagementProgram:DBM.CPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.8.1 IllustrativeExamplesofLabourandMaterial
QuantityCoefficientsChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.8.2 IllustrativeExamplesofLabourandMaterialRate
CoefficientsChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.9 CostEstimatingTechniques:UnitRateTechnique. . . . . . . . . . 144
4.10 Computer-AidedCostEstimatingandDatabase
Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.11 SoftwareHudCAD:CostEngineeringandDatabase
ManagementModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.11.1 ApplicationoftheCostEngineeringandDatabase
ManagementModelwithActualDialogue
Structure:GenerationofaSite-SpecificSchedule
ofRate. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 147
Contents xi
4.11.2 ApplicationExampleoftheCostEngineering
andDatabaseManagementModel:Instant
GenerationofaSite-SpecificScheduleofRate
andBuildingComponentUnitCosts. . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.12 UniversalNatureoftheCostEngineeringModel. . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.13 Closure. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 150
5 ElementsofComputerGraphicsandArchitectural
andEngineeringDrafting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.2 ShortOverviewofGraphicsSystemsandApplications. . . . . . 156
5.2.1 SomeGraphicTechniquesandHardwares. . . . . . .. 156
5.3 GraphicsSoftware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.3.1 SomeGraphicPrimitivesandCoordinate
Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.4 GraphicProgramminginAutoLISP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.4.1 AutoLISPVariablesandFunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.4.2 IntegratedCADDbyOptimization
UsingBothAutoLISPandC++. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.4.3 IntegratedCADDWithoutOptimization
UsingOnlyApplicationGraphicsProgramming
inAutoLISP:AnExample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.5 GraphicsProgramminginC++. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.5.1 GraphicsProgramminginC++UsingDirectly
theVDUMemory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.5.2 ScreenMode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.5.3 PreparingtheScreenforGraphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.5.4 ChangingtheScreenforTextMode. . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.5.5 DetectingtheHardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 185
5.6 IntegratedCADDbyOptimizationUsingOnlyStandalone
C++. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.6.1 ALandSubdivisionOptimizationModel. . . . . . . . . 186
5.7 Closure. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 190
6 PlanningandDesignAnalysisinUrbanDevelopmentand
ManagementandaTheoryofOptimalUrban-Built-Form. . . . . . . 193
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.2 HolisticUrbanDevelopmentandManagement:Principles
ofEfficiencyandEffectivenessinPlanningandDesign
Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.3 HolisticUrbanManagement:PrinciplesofSocial
ResponsivenessinPlanningandDesignAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . 195
6.4 HolisticUrbanManagement:PrinciplesofFlexibility
andNavigationalChangeinUrbanPlanning,Design,
andUrbanDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196